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| 2. |
- Hyde, K. D., et al.
(author)
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Global consortium for the classification of fungi and fungus-like taxa
- 2023
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In: MYCOSPHERE. - : Mushroom Research Foundation. - 2077-7000 .- 2077-7019. ; 14:1, s. 1960-2012
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Global Consortium for the Classification of Fungi and fungus-like taxa is an international initiative of more than 550 mycologists to develop an electronic structure for the classification of these organisms. The members of the Consortium originate from 55 countries/regions worldwide, from a wide range of disciplines, and include senior, mid-career and early-career mycologists and plant pathologists. The Consortium will publish a biannual update of the Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa, to act as an international scheme for other scientists. Notes on all newly published taxa at or above the level of species will be prepared and published online on the Outline of Fungi website (https://www.outlineoffungi.org/), and these will be finally published in the biannual edition of the Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa. Comments on recent important taxonomic opinions on controversial topics will be included in the biannual outline. For example, 'to promote a more stable taxonomy in Fusarium given the divergences over its generic delimitation', or 'are there too many genera in the Boletales?' and even more importantly, 'what should be done with the tremendously diverse 'dark fungal taxa?' There are undeniable differences in mycologists' perceptions and opinions regarding species classification as well as the establishment of new species. Given the pluralistic nature of fungal taxonomy and its implications for species concepts and the nature of species, this consortium aims to provide a platform to better refine and stabilise fungal classification, taking into consideration views from different parties. In the future, a confidential voting system will be set up to gauge the opinions of all mycologists in the Consortium on important topics. The results of such surveys will be presented to the International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi (ICTF) and the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi (NCF) with opinions and percentages of votes for and against. Criticisms based on scientific evidence with regards to nomenclature, classifications, and taxonomic concepts will be welcomed, and any recommendations on specific taxonomic issues will also be encouraged; however, we will encourage professionally and ethically responsible criticisms of others' work. This biannual ongoing project will provide an outlet for advances in various topics of fungal classification, nomenclature, and taxonomic concepts and lead to a community-agreed classification scheme for the fungi and fungus-like taxa. Interested parties should contact the lead author if they would like to be involved in future outlines.
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| 3. |
- Acharyya, A., et al.
(author)
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Multiwavelength Observations of the Blazar PKS 0735+178 in Spatial and Temporal Coincidence with an Astrophysical Neutrino Candidate IceCube-211208A
- 2023
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In: Astrophysical Journal. - : Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP). - 0004-637X .- 1538-4357. ; 954:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We report on multiwavelength target-of-opportunity observations of the blazar PKS 0735+178, located 2 degrees .2 away from the best -fit position of the IceCube neutrino event IceCube-211208A detected on 2021 December 8. The source was in a high -flux state in the optical, ultraviolet, X-ray, and GeV ?-ray bands around the time of the neutrino event, exhibiting daily variability in the soft X-ray flux. The X-ray data from Swift-XRT and NuSTAR characterize the transition between the low-energy and high-energy components of the broadband spectral energy distribution (SED), and the ?-ray data from Fermi-LAT, VERITAS, and H.E.S.S. require a spectral cutoff near 100 GeV. Both the X-ray and ?-ray measurements provide strong constraints on the leptonic and hadronic models. We analytically explore a synchrotron self-Compton model, an external Compton model, and a lepto-hadronic model. Models that are entirely based on internal photon fields face serious difficulties in matching the observed SED. The existence of an external photon field in the source would instead explain the observed ?-ray spectral cutoff in both the leptonic and lepto-hadronic models and allow a proton jet power that marginally agrees with the Eddington limit in the lepto-hadronic model. We show a numerical lepto-hadronic model with external target photons that reproduces the observed SED and is reasonably consistent with the neutrino event despite requiring a high jet power.
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| 4. |
- Alekseev, Anton, et al.
(author)
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Provenance of classical Hamiltonian time crystals
- 2020
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In: Journal of High Energy Physics (JHEP). - 1126-6708 .- 1029-8479. ; :8
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Classical Hamiltonian systems with conserved charges and those with constraints often describe dynamics on a pre-symplectic manifold. Here we show that a pre-symplectic manifold is also the proper stage to describe autonomous energy conserving Hamiltonian time crystals. We explain how the occurrence of a time crystal relates to the wider concept of spontaneously broken symmetries; in the case of a time crystal, the symmetry breaking takes place in a dynamical context. We then analyze in detail two examples of timecrystalline Hamiltonian dynamics. The first example is a piecewise linear closed string, with dynamics determined by a Lie-Poisson bracket and Hamiltonian that relates to membrane stability. We explain how the Lie-Poisson brackets descents to a time-crystalline pre-symplectic bracket, and we show that the Hamiltonian dynamics supports two phases; in one phase we have a time crystal and in the other phase time crystals are absent. The second example is a discrete one dimensional model of a Hamiltonian chain. It is obtained by a reduction from the Q-ball Lagrangian that describes time dependent nontopological solitons. We show that a time crystal appears as a minimum energy domain wall configuration, along the chain.
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| 5. |
- Beal, Jacob, et al.
(author)
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Robust estimation of bacterial cell count from optical density
- 2020
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In: Communications Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2399-3642. ; 3:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Optical density (OD) is widely used to estimate the density of cells in liquid culture, but cannot be compared between instruments without a standardized calibration protocol and is challenging to relate to actual cell count. We address this with an interlaboratory study comparing three simple, low-cost, and highly accessible OD calibration protocols across 244 laboratories, applied to eight strains of constitutive GFP-expressing E. coli. Based on our results, we recommend calibrating OD to estimated cell count using serial dilution of silica microspheres, which produces highly precise calibration (95.5% of residuals <1.2-fold), is easily assessed for quality control, also assesses instrument effective linear range, and can be combined with fluorescence calibration to obtain units of Molecules of Equivalent Fluorescein (MEFL) per cell, allowing direct comparison and data fusion with flow cytometry measurements: in our study, fluorescence per cell measurements showed only a 1.07-fold mean difference between plate reader and flow cytometry data.
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| 6. |
- Chen, Desui, et al.
(author)
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Shelf-Stable Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diodes with High Operational Performance
- 2020
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In: Advanced Materials. - : Wiley-VCH Verlagsgesellschaft. - 0935-9648 .- 1521-4095. ; 32
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Quantum-dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) promise a new generation of high-performance, large-area, and cost-effective electroluminescent devices for both display and solid-state lighting technologies. However, a positive ageing process is generally required to improve device performance for state-of-the-art QLEDs. Here, it is revealed that the in situ reactions induced by organic acids in the commonly used encapsulation acrylic resin lead to positive ageing and, most importantly, the progression of in situ reactions inevitably results in negative ageing, i.e., deterioration of device performance after long-term shelf storage. In-depth mechanism studies focusing on the correlations between the in situ chemical reactions and the shelf-ageing behaviors of QLEDs inspire the design of an electron-transporting bilayer, which delivers both improved electrical conductivity and suppressed interfacial exciton quenching. This material innovation enables red QLEDs exhibiting neglectable changes of external quantum efficiency (>20.0%) and ultralong operational lifetime (T-95: 5500 h at 1000 nits) after storage for 180 days. This work provides design principles for oxide electron-transporting layers to realize shelf-stable and high-operational-performance QLEDs, representing a new starting point for both fundamental studies and practical applications.
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| 7. |
- Chen, Zhi, et al.
(author)
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Large-Area Crystalline Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework Thin Films
- 2021
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In: Angewandte Chemie International Edition. - : Wiley. - 1433-7851 .- 1521-3773. ; 60:25, s. 14124-14130
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We report that continuous MOF films with highly controlled thickness (from 44 to 5100 nm) can be deposited over length scales greater than 80 centimeters by a facile, fast, and cost-effective spray-coating method. Such success relies on our discovery of unprecedented perfectly dispersed colloidal solutions consisting of amorphous MOF nanoparticles, which we adopted as precursors that readily converted to the crystalline films upon low-temperature in situ heating. The colloidal solutions allow for the fabrication of compact and uniform MOF films on a great deal of substrates such as fluorine-doped tin oxide, glass, SiO2, Al2O3, Si, Cu, and even flexible polycarbonate, widening their technological applications where substrates are essential. Despite the present work focuses on the fabrication of uniform cobalt-(2-methylimidazole)2 and zinc-(2-methylimidazole)2 films, our findings mark a great possibility in producing other high-quality MOF thin films on a large scale.
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| 8. |
- Dai, Deliang, et al.
(author)
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Regularized estimation of Kronecker structured covariance matrix using modified Cholesky decomposition
- 2023
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In: Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 0094-9655 .- 1563-5163.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this paper, we study a Kronecker structured model for covariance matrices when data are matrix-valued. Using the modified Cholesky decomposition for Kronecker structured covariance matrix, we propose a regularized covariance estimator by imposing shrinkage and smoothing penalties on the Cholesky factors. A regularized flip-flop (RFF) algorithm is developed to produce a statistically efficient estimator for a large covariance matrix of matrix-valued data. Asymptotic properties are investigated and the performance of the estimator is evaluated by simulations. The results presented are applied to real data example.
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| 9. |
- Dai, Jin, et al.
(author)
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Autonomous topological time crystals and knotty molecular motors
- 2021
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In: Journal of Physics. - 0953-8984 .- 1361-648X. ; 33:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We show that topology is a very effective tool, to construct classical Hamiltonian time crystals. For this we numerically analyze a general class of time crystalline Hamiltonians that are designed to model the dynamics of molecular closed strings. We demonstrate how the time crystalline qualities of a closed string are greatly enhanced when the string becomes knotted. The Hamiltonians that we investigate include a generalized Kratky-Porod wormlike chain model in combination with long range Coulomb and Lennard-Jones interactions. Such energy functions are commonplace in coarse grained molecular modeling. Thus we expect that physical realizations of Hamiltonian time crystals can be constructed in terms of knotted ring molecules.
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| 10. |
- Dai, Jin, et al.
(author)
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Classical Hamiltonian time crystals-general theory and simple examples
- 2020
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In: New Journal of Physics. - : IOP Publishing. - 1367-2630. ; 22:8
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We focus on a Hamiltonian system with a continuous symmetry, and dynamics that takes place on a presymplectic manifold. We explain how the symmetry can become spontaneously broken by a time crystal, that we define as the minimum of the available mechanical free energy that is simultaneously a time dependent solution of Hamilton's equation. The mathematical description of such a timecrystalline spontaneous symmetry breaking builds on concepts of equivariant Morse theory in the space of Hamiltonian flows. As an example we analyze a general family of timecrystalline Hamiltonians that is designed to model polygonal, piecewise linear closed strings. The vertices correspond to the locations of pointlike interaction centers; the string is akin a chain of atoms, that are joined together by covalent bonds, modeled by the links of the string. We argue that the timecrystalline character of the string can be affected by its topology. For this we show that a knotty string is usually more timecrystalline than a string with no self-entanglement. We also reveal a relation between phase space topology and the occurrence of timecrystalline dynamics. For this we show that in the case of three point particles, the presence of a time crystal can relate to a Dirac monopole that resides in the phase space. Our results propose that physical examples of Hamiltonian time crystals can be realized in terms of closed, knotted molecular rings.
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