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- Sundin, Anders, 1954-, et al.
(author)
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ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the Standards of Care in Neuroendocrine Tumors : Radiological, Nuclear Medicine & Hybrid Imaging.
- 2017
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In: Neuroendocrinology. - : S. Karger AG. - 0028-3835 .- 1423-0194. ; 105:3, s. 212-244
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) of the neckthorax-abdomen and pelvis, including 3-phase examination of the liver, constitutes the basic imaging for primary neuroendocrine tumor (NET) diagnosis, staging, surveillance, and therapy monitoring. CT characterization of lymph nodes is difficult because of inadequate size criteria (short axis diameter), and bone metastases are often missed. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) including diffusion-weighted imaging is preferred for the examination of the liver, pancreas, brain and bone. MRI may miss small lung metastases. MRI is less well suited than CT for the examination of extended body areas because of the longer examination procedure. Ultrasonography (US) frequently provides the initial diagnosis of liver metastases and contrast-enhanced US is excellent to characterize liver lesions that remain equivocal on CT/MRI. US is the method of choice to guide the biopsy needle for the histopathological NET diagnosis. US cannot visualize thoracic NET lesions for which CTguided biopsy therefore is used. Endocopic US is the most sensitive method to diagnose pancreatic NETs, and additionally allows for biopsy. Intraoperative US facilitates lesion detection in the pancreas and liver. Somatostatin receptor imaging should be a part of the tumor staging, preoperative imaging and restaging, for which 68 Ga-DOTA-somatostatin analog PET/CT is recommended, which is vastly superior to somatostatin receptor scintigraphy, and facilitates the diagnosis of most types of NET lesions, for example lymph node metastases, bone metastases, liver metastases, peritoneal lesions, and primary small intestinal NETs. (18)FDG-PET/CT is better suited for G3 and high G2 NETs, which generally have higher glucose metabolism and less somatostatin receptor expression than low-grade NETs, and additionally provides prognostic information.
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| 2. |
- Zaccaria, Valentina, 1989-, et al.
(author)
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Conceptual Design of a 3-Shaft Turbofan Engine with Reduced Fuel Consumption for 2025
- 2017
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In: Energy Procedia. - : Elsevier BV. - 1876-6102.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In the past decade, aircraft fuel burn has been continually decreased, mainly by improving thermal and propulsion efficiencies with consequent decrement in specific fuel consumption. In view of future emission specifications, the requirements for SFC in the forthcoming years are expected to become more stringent. In this paper, a preliminary design of a turbofan engine for entry in service in 2025 was performed. The design of a baseline 2010 EIS engine was improved according to 2025 specifications. A thermodynamic analysis was carried out to select optimal jet velocity ratio, pressure ratio, and temperatures with the goal of minimizing specific fuel consumption. A gas path layout was generated and an aerodynamic analysis was performed to optimize the engine stage by stage design. The optimization resulted in a 3-shaft turbofan jet engine with a 21% increase in fan diameter, a 2.2% increment in engine length, and a fuel burn improvement of 11% compared to the baseline engine, mainly due to an increment in propulsive efficiency. A sensitivity analysis was also conducted to highlight what the focus of technology development should be.
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