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- Globisch, Jutta, et al.
(author)
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Fear appears fast : Temporal course of startle reflex potentiation in animal fearful subjects
- 1999
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In: Psychophysiology. - 0048-5772 .- 1469-8986. ; 36:1, s. 66-75
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The temporal course of startle reflex modulation and autonomic response patterns to fear‐relevant and fear‐irrelevant pictures in subjects with high and low levels of animal fear was investigated. Thirty‐eight high‐fear and 48 low‐fear volunteers viewed photos of snakes and spiders and pictures of neutral and pleasant content. The slides were presented for 6 s or for only 150 ms, depending on the group. Acoustic startle probes were presented at five different times after slide onset. Relative potentiation of the startle responses started 300 ms after onset of snake/spider pictures in fearful subjects. This fear‐potentiated startle effect was maintained for the later probe times and was identical in the 150‐ms condition. Fear‐relevant pictures also prompted a sympathetically dominated autonomic response profile in fearful persons. These data support the idea that fear can be activated very rapidly, requiring only minimal stimulus input.
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- Lundqvist, Daniel, et al.
(author)
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The face of wrath : Critical features for conveying facial threat
- 1999
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In: Cognition & Emotion. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0269-9931 .- 1464-0600. ; 13:6, s. 691-711
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We examined the role of different facial features (shape of eyebrows, eyes, mouth, nose, and the direction of gaze) in conveying the emotional impact of a threatening face. In two experiments, a total of 100 high school students rated their impression of two sets of schematic faces in terms of semantic differential scales (Activity, Negative Evaluation, and Potency). It was found that the different facial features could be ordered hierarchically, with eyebrows as the most important feature, followed by mouth and eyes. Eyebrows thus fundamentally categorised faces as threatening or nonthreatening. The different shapes of mouth and eyes provided subsequent categorisations of faces within these primary categories.
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- Parra, Cristina, et al.
(author)
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Pavlovian conditioning to social stimuli : Backward masking and the dissociation of implicit and explicit cognitive processes.
- 1997
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In: European Psychologist. - : Hogrefe Publishing Group. - 1016-9040 .- 1878-531X. ; 2:2, s. 106-117
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- 24 university students (average age 22.1 yrs) were conditioned to pictures of angry faces with a mild electric shock unconditioned stimulus/stimuli (UCS). They were then tested with backward masking conditions preventing conscious recognition of the facial stimuli. In the 1st experiment, a shock followed a particular nonmasked angry face exposed among many other faces. Although the Ss did not rate this face as familiar in a subsequent test when it was presented masked among other masked and nonmasked faces, it elicited larger skin conductance responses than did nonshocked control faces. This dissociation between explicit recognition and implicit skin conductance differentiation was replicated in the 2nd experiment, in which the Ss rated their shock expectancy. Although conditioning resulted in much better differentiation between conditioned and control faces during nonmasked than masked test trials, skin conductance differentiation did not differ between the 2 masking conditions.
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