| 1. |
- Glynn, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Declining levels of PCB, HCB and p,p'-DDE in adipose tissue from food producing bovines and swine in Sweden 1991-2004
- 2009
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 74:11, s. 1457-1462
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The official control programme for organochlorine (OC) contaminants in food producing animals in Sweden was used to study temporal and spatial trends of the polychlorinated biphenyl CB 153, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and p,p'-DDE in adipose tissue from bovines and swine 1991-2004. Our results show that efforts to decrease OC contamination of animal feed and the environment have had a positive impact on the contamination of the animal production. OC concentrations declined significantly in almost all studied regions of Sweden. OC temporal trends were slower in bovines (6-8% per year) than in swine (10-12%). Power analyses showed that data from more than 10 years of sampling were needed for a detection of an annual OC level change of 5% in both species in the control programme, due to large within- and between-year variation in OC levels. CB 153 and p,p'-DDE levels were higher in southern than in northern Sweden. Levels decreased with age in milk cows, but not in young nulliparous cows (heifers) and bulls. Moreover, milk cows and bulls had significantly lower OC levels than heifers. Levels were not age-dependent among swine, but castrated male swine (barrows) had significantly lower OC levels than young female swine (gilts). Levels of the studied OCs are now in many cases below the LOQ of the analytical method used. Future time trend studies of these OCs thus depend on lowered LOQs in the control programme.
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| 2. |
- Glynn, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Immune cell counts and risks of respiratory infections among infants exposed pre- and postnatally to organochlorine compounds : a prospective study
- 2008
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Ingår i: Environmental Health. - 1476-069X. ; 7, s. 62-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Early-life chemical exposure may influence immune system development, subsequently affecting child health. We investigated immunomodulatory potentials of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and p,p'-DDE in infants. METHODS: Prenatal exposure to PCBs and p,p'-DDE was estimated from maternal serum concentrations during pregnancy. Postnatal exposure was calculated from concentrations of the compounds in mother's milk, total number of nursing days, and percentage of full nursing each week during the 3 month nursing period. Number and types of infections among infants were registered by the mothers (N = 190). White blood cell counts (N = 86) and lymphocyte subsets (N = 52) were analyzed in a subgroup of infants at 3 months of age. RESULTS: Infants with the highest prenatal exposure to PCB congeners CB-28, CB-52 and CB-101 had an increased risk of respiratory infection during the study period. In contrast, the infection odds ratios (ORs) were highest among infants with the lowest prenatal mono-ortho PCB (CB-105, CB-118, CB-156, CB-167) and di-ortho PCB (CB-138, CB-153, CB-180) exposure, and postnatal mono- and di-ortho PCB, and p,p'-DDE exposure. Similar results were found for pre- and postnatal CB-153 exposure, a good marker for total PCB exposure. Altogether, a negative relationship was indicated between infections and total organochlorine compound exposure during the whole pre- and postnatal period. Prenatal exposure to CB-28, CB-52 and CB-101 was positively associated with numbers of lymphocytes and monocytes in infants 3 months after delivery. Prenatal exposure to p,p'-DDE was negatively associated with the percentage of eosinophils. No significant associations were found between PCB and p,p'-DDE exposure and numbers/percentages of lymphocyte subsets, after adjustment for potential confounders. CONCLUSION: This hypothesis generating study suggests that background exposure to PCBs and p,p'-DDE early in life modulate immune system development. Strong correlations between mono- and di-ortho PCBs, and p,p'-DDE exposures make it difficult to identify the most important contributor to the suggested immunomodulation, and to separate effects due to pre- and postnatal exposure. The suggested PCB and p,p'-DDE modulation of infection risks may have consequences for the health development during childhood, since respiratory infections early in life may be risk factors for asthma and middle ear infections.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Ankarberg, Emma, et al.
(författare)
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Levels of flame retardants in fish from the Baltic Sea, Sweden
- 2006
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) are commonly used brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in products such as computers, furniture, carpets and other materials. PBDEs and HBCD are incorporated into the matrix without chemical binding. Since they are not bound to the polymer product, they have the potential to leak and escape into the environment (Hutzinger et al. 1976; Hutzinger and Thoma 1987). Due to their chemical properties, lipophilicity and persistence, these substances have been detected in several biological matrices. The toxic effects are not yet fully understood, but for example, neurodevelopmental as well as thyroid hormone alterations has been reported (for review see Darnerud 2003). For risk assessment purposes, the Swedish National Food Administration has during the last years conducted surveys on levels of selected persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in fish from the Baltic region. These studies have included the “traditional” POPs, such as PCBs, PCDD/DFs, and pesticides, as well as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). The aim with the present survey is to obtain relevant BFR data for the ongoing evaluation of levels and trends of these contaminants in fish, as a base for human risk assessment.
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| 5. |
- Ankarberg, Emma, et al.
(författare)
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Regionala skillnader i intag av persistenta organiska miljögifter hos förstföderskor i Uppsala, Göteborg och Lycksele
- 2007
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Under perioden 2000-2006 samlades bröstmjölk in från förstföderskor i Uppsala, Göteborg, Lund och Lycksele. Syftet med studien var att undersöka om det finns några regionala skillnader i halter av polyklorerade bifenyler (PCBer), klorerade pesticider (hexaklorbensen (HCB), ß-hexaklorocyklohexan (ß-HCH), oxyklordan, trans-nonaklor, DDT och DDT-metaboliter) och bromerade flamskyddsmedel (polybromerade difenyletrar (PBDE) och hexabromcyklododekan (HBCD)) i bröstmjölk. Resultaten visade att vissa signifikanta regionala skillnader i halter av de studerade substanserna förelåg. Skillnaderna var dock små, och inga säkra slutsatser om orsaker till skillnaderna kunde dras. Vissa regionala skillnader i halter av organiska miljögifter i livsmedel har också observerats. I en matkorgsstudie utförd 1999 (Darnerud et al. 2006) köptes livsmedel in i fyra olika städer i Sverige (Malmö, Göteborg, Uppsala och Sundsvall), och högre halter av ΣPCB, ΣDDT och ΣPBDE kunde ses i livsmedel från de södra delarna av Sverige i jämförelse med de norra. Denna tendens till nord-sydlig gradient observerades också i en senare matkorgsstudie som utfördes i samma städer 2005 (Ankarberg et al. 2006). Även den omfattande fiskundersökning som utfördes vid Livsmedelsverket 2000-2003 visade på regionala skillnader i halter i vissa fiskarter (NFA 2003). Studien som redovisas i denna rapport syftar till att genom intagsberäkningar undersöka om det finns regionala skillnader i exponering för organiska miljögifter (dioxiner, dioxinlika PCBer, PCB 153 och p,p´-DDE) från mat. Intagsberäkningarna grundas på en kostenkät, ifylld av mödrarna vid bröstmjölksinsamlingen, med frågor gällande konsumtionen av kött, fågel, fisk, mjölkprodukter, vegetabiliskt fett och ägg under året före graviditeten. Haltdata för de studerade substanserna i olika livsmedel hämtades från undersökningar och kontrollprogram vid Livsmedelsverket. De regionala jämförelser som gjordes inkluderade Uppsala, Göteborg och Lycksele. Den kostenkät som användes i Lund skiljde sig åt från de som användes i Uppsala, Göteborg och Lycksele. Resultaten från Lund kunde därför inte användas i denna undersökning. Trots vissa skillnader i konsumtionsmönster mellan de olika regionerna kunde inte några skillnader i intag av miljögifterna påvisas. Det beräknade medianintaget av dioxiner och dioxinlika PCBer varierade mellan 0,9 och 1,2 pg WHO-TEQ/kg kroppsvikt/dag, mellan 1,3 och 1,9 ng/kg kroppsvikt/dag för PCB 153 och mellan 2,5 och 3,5 ng/kg kroppsvikt/dag för 2 p,p´-DDE. Fisk och skaldjur bidrog till den största delen av intaget av WHO-TEQ (52-61 %). Enligt beräkningarna hade 14 % av kvinnorna intagsnivåer som överskred EU’s tolerabla veckointag för dioxiner och dioxinlika PCBer (14 pg WHO-TEQ/kg kroppsvikt/vecka). Livsmedelsverkets konsumtionsråd gällande fet fisk från Östersjön överskreds av 4 % av kvinnorna, och samtliga av dessa åtta individer fanns med bland dem som överskred TWI. Högexponerade individer karaktäriserades generellt av hög konsumtion av fisk och mjölkprodukter. Det finns inte någon tolerabel intagsnivå framtagen för icke dioxinlika PCBer (t.ex. PCB 153), så för dessa var det inte möjligt att göra några jämförelser. Ingen kvinna i studien överskred JECFA’s tolerabla dagliga intagsnivå för DDT-föreningar (10 μg/kg kroppsvikt/dag). En osäkerhet i de beräknade intagsnivåerna är att det är mycket svårt att minnas och korrekt ange sin konsumtion av olika livsmedel under ett år tillbaka. Dessutom är det troligt att konsumtionen av lax från Östersjön är överskattad eftersom det är mycket ovanligt med sådan fisk i butik. De haltdata som använts i beräkningarna är medel- och medianhalter som kommer från olika analysprojekt vid Livsmedelsverket. Dessa halter kan skilja sig åt från de verkliga nivåerna i de livsmedel som kvinnorna konsumerat. Dessutom användes samma haltdata för samtliga kvinnor, och hänsyn togs alltså inte till eventuella regionala skillnader i livsmedelshalter. Trots dessa osäkerheter tyder resultaten på att svenska förstföderskor från olika delar av landet har exponerats för liknande nivåer av de studerade föreningarna. En korrelationsanalys kunde inte påvisa några samband mellan de beräknade intagen av PCB 153 och p,p´-DDE och nivåerna av dessa substanser i bröstmjölk. Detta beror sannolikt till viss del på att bröstmjölkshalterna av persistenta organiska miljögifter speglar den totala exponeringen under livstiden, och inte bara exponeringen under det senaste året.
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| 6. |
- Aspenström-Fagerlund, Bitte, et al.
(författare)
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Fatty acids increase paracellular absorption of aluminium across Caco-2 cell monolayers
- 2009
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Ingår i: Chemico-Biological Interactions. - : Elsevier BV. - 0009-2797 .- 1872-7786. ; 181:2, s. 272-278
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Passive paracellular absorption, regulated by tight junctions (TJs), is the main route for absorption of poorly absorbed hydrophilic substances. Surface active substances, such as fatty acids, may enhance absorption of these substances by affecting the integrity of TJ and increasing the permeability. It has been suggested that aluminium (Al) absorption occurs mainly by the paracellular route. Herein, we investigated if physiologically relevant exposures of fully differentiated Caco-2 cell monolayers to oleic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which are fatty acids common in food, increase absorption of Al and the paracellular marker mannitol. In an Al toxicity test, mannitol and Al absorption through Caco-2 cell monolayers were similarly modulated by Al concentrations between 1 and 30mM, suggesting that absorption of the two compounds occurred via the same pathways. Exposure of Caco-2 cell monolayers to non-toxic concentrations of Al (2mM) and (14)C-mannitol in fatty acid emulsions (15 and 30mM oleic acid, 5 and 10mM DHA) caused a decreased transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). Concomitantly, fractional absorption of Al and mannitol, expressed as percentage of apical Al and mannitol retrieved at the basolateral side, increased with increasing dose of fatty acids. Transmission electron microscopy was applied to assess the effect of oleic acid on the morphology of TJ. It was shown that oleic acid caused a less structured morphology of TJ in Caco-2 cell monolayers. Taken together our findings indicate that fatty acids common in food increase the paracellular intestinal absorption of Al. These findings may influence future risk assessment of human Al exposure.
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| 7. |
- Aspenström-Fagerlund, Bitte, et al.
(författare)
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Oleic acid and docosahexaenoic acid cause an increase in the paracellular absorption of hydrophilic compounds in an experimental model of human absorptive enterocytes
- 2007
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Ingår i: Toxicology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0300-483X .- 1879-3185. ; 237:1-3, s. 12-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Surface active compounds present in food possibly have the ability to enhance the absorption of water soluble toxic agents. Therefore, we investigated whether fatty acids such as oleic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), both commonly present in food, negatively affect the integrity of tight junctions (TJ) in the intestinal epithelium and thereby increase the absorption of poorly absorbed hydrophilic substances. Caco-2 cells, which are derived from human absorptive enterocytes, were grown on permeable filters for 20-25 days. Differentiated cell monolayers were apically exposed for 90min to mannitol in emulsions of oleic acid (5, 15 or 30mM) or DHA (5, 15 or 30mM) in an experimental medium with or without Ca(2+) and Mg(2+). Absorption of (14)C-mannitol increased and trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) decreased in cell monolayers exposed to oleic acid and DHA, compared to controls. Cytotoxicity, measured as leakage of LDH, was higher in groups exposed to 30mM oleic acid and all concentrations of DHA. Morphology of the cell monolayers was studied by using fluorescence microscopy. Exposure of cell monolayers to 5mM DHA for 90min resulted in a profound alteration of the cell-cell contacts as detected by staining the cells for beta-catenin. Oleic acid (30mM) treatment also induced dissolution of the cell-cell contacts but the effect was not as pronounced as with DHA. Cell monolayers were also exposed for 180min to 250nM cadmium (Cd) in emulsions of oleic acid (5 or 30mM) or DHA (1 or 5mM), in an experimental medium with Ca(2+) and Mg(2+). Retention of Cd in Caco-2 cells was higher after exposure to 5mM oleic acid but lower after exposure to 30mM oleic acid and DHA. Absorption of Cd through the monolayers increased after DHA exposure but not after exposure to oleic acid. Our results indicate that fatty acids may compromise the integrity of the intestinal epithelium and that certain lipids in food may enhance the paracellular absorption of poorly absorbed hydrophilic substances.
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| 8. |
- Berger, Urs, et al.
(författare)
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Fish consumption as a source of human exposure to perfluorinated alkyl substances in Sweden : analysis of edible fish from Lake Vättern and the Baltic Sea
- 2009
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 76:6, s. 799-804
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) were analyzed in muscle tissue from edible fish species caught in the second largest freshwater lake in Sweden, Lake Vättern (LV), and in the brackish water Baltic Sea (BS). Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was the predominant PFAS found. PFOS concentrations were higher in LV (medians 2.9-12 ng g(-1) fresh weight) than in BS fish (medians 1.0-2.5 ng g(-1) fresh weight). Moreover, LV fish was more contaminated with several other PFAS than BS fish. This may be due to anthropogenic discharges from urban areas around LV. The PFAS pattern differed between LV and BS fish, indicating different sources of contamination for the two study areas. Human exposure to PFOS via fish intake was calculated for three study groups, based on consumption data from literature. The groups consisted of individuals that reported moderate or high consumption of BS fish or high consumption of LV fish, respectively. The results showed that PFOS intake strongly depended on individual fish consumption as well as the fish catchment area. Median PFOS intakes were estimated to 0.15 and 0.62 ng kg(-1) body weight (bw) d(-1) for the consumers of moderate and high amounts of BS fish, respectively. For the group with high consumption of LV fish a median PFOS intake of 2.7 ng kg(-1)bw d(-1) was calculated. Fish consumption varied considerably within the consumer groups, with maximum PFOS intakes of 4.5 (BS fish) or 9.6 ng kg(-1)bw d(-1) (LV fish). Comparison of our results with literature data on PFOS intake from food suggests that fish from contaminated areas may be a significant source of dietary PFOS exposure.
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| 9. |
- Glynn, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Determinants of serum concentrations of organochlorine compounds in Swedish pregnant women : a cross-sectional study
- 2007
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Ingår i: Environmental Health. - 1476-069X. ; 6, s. 2-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: We performed a cross-sectional study of associations between personal characteristics and lipid-adjusted serum concentrations of certain PCB congeners and chlorinated pesticides/metabolites among 323 pregnant primiparous women from Uppsala County (age 18-41 years) sampled 1996-1999. METHODS: Extensive personal interviews and questionnaires about personal characteristics were performed both during and after pregnancy. Concentrations of organochlorine compounds in serum lipids in late pregnancy were analysed by gas chromatography. Associations between personal characteristics and serum levels of organochlorine compounds were analysed by multiple linear regression. RESULTS: Participation rate was 82% (325 of 395 women). Serum concentrations of PCB congeners IUPAC no. 28, 52, 101, 105 and 167, and o, p'-DDT and -DDE, p, p'-DDT and -DDD, oxychlordane, and gamma- and alpha-HCH were in many cases below the limit of quantification (LOQ). No statistical analysis of associations with personal characteristics could be performed for these substances. Concentrations of PCB congeners IUPAC no. 118, 138, 153, 156 and 180, HCB, beta-HCH, trans-nonachlor and p, p'-DDE increased with increased age and were highest in women sampled early during the 4 year study period. This shows that older women and women sampled early in the study had experienced the highest life-time exposure levels, probably mainly during childhood and adolescence. The importance of early exposures was supported by lower PCB concentrations and higher beta-HCH and p, p'-DDE concentrations among women born in non-Nordic countries. Moreover, serum concentrations of certain PCBs and pesticide/metabolites were positively associated with consumption of fatty fish during adolescence, and concentrations of CB 156, CB 180 and p, p'-DDE increased significantly with number of months women had been breast-fed during infancy. Short-term changes in bodily constitution may, however, also influence serum concentrations, as suggested by negative associations between concentrations of organochlorine compounds and BMI before pregnancy and weight change during pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Although some of the associations could be caused by unknown personal characteristics confounding the results, our findings suggest that exposures to organochlorine compounds during childhood and adolescence influence the body burdens of the compounds during pregnancy.
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| 10. |
- Glynn, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Minskande nivåer av PCB, PCB och p,p´-DDE i fett från nötboskap och svin i Sverige 1991-2004
- 2005
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Syftet med studien var att undersöka om halterna av polyklorerade bifenyler (PCB kongen CB 153), hexaklorbensen (HCB) och p,p´-DDE i fett från nötboskap och svin i svensk livsmedelsproduktion förändrats under perioden 1991-2004. Eventuella skillnader i halter mellan olika regioner i Sverige studerades också. Data erhölls från Livsmedelsverkets ordinarie kontrollprogram för kontaminanter i nöt och svin. Multipel regressionsanalys användes för att studera tidstrender, regionala skillnader, könsskillnader och åldersskillnader i halter. Analysen visade att halterna av miljöföroreningarna i nötfett minskade med ca. 6-8% per år, medan halterna i svinfett minskade med 10-12% per år. Sjunkande trender påvisades i praktiskt taget alla de 6 svenska regioner som studerades. Halterna av CB 153 och p,p´-DDE i nöt och svin var klart lägre i norr än i söder. För HCB i nötfett erhölls inga markanta regionala skillnader. Bland nötkreaturen var halterna lägre hos mjölkkor än hos köttdjur (både kvigor och tjurkalvar/tjurar). Halterna minskade också med åldern hos mjölkkor men inte hos köttdjur. Bland svinen antyddes lägre halter av CB 153 och p,p´-DDE hos kastrerade hanar än bland suggor och galtar, men vi fann inga samband mellan svinens ålder och nivåer av miljöföroreningarna. Mot slutet av studieperioden låg en stor del av analysresultaten under kvantifieringsgränsen för analysmetoden (0,5-1 μg/kg fett). Om fortsatta tidstrendsstudier ska vara möjliga måste kvantifieringsgränsen för metoden sänkas. De sjunkande halterna av PCB, HCB och p,p´-DDE som obserververades i livsmedelsproducerande nötkreatur och svin är troligen en följd av tidigare åtgärder för att minska miljöbelastningen av dessa föroreningar. Resultaten antyder också att en lägre miljöbelastning av norra Sverige avspeglas som lägre halter i köttproduktionen och troligen också i mjölkproduktionen (studien inkluderade också mjölkkor).
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