| 1. |
- Bergiers, Anneleen, et al.
(author)
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Comparison of Rolling Resistance Measuring Equipment : Pilot Study
- 2011
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This research is part of the MIRIAM project (Models for rolling resistance In Road Infrastructure Asset Management systems), which aims at developing methods for improved control of road transport carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in order to obtain sustainable and environmental friendly road infrastructure.As a first part of MIRIAM, a “Phase 1” was conducted in 2010-2011. It is planned to start a “Phase 2” in 2012.MIRIAM is divided into five sub-projects. Sub-project number 1 (SP 1) is designated “Measurement methods and surface properties model”, and lead by Ulf Sandberg, VTI. Within SP 1, one of the major tasks is to study various measurement methods and the performance of available measurement equipment for rolling resistance, with a focus on measuring the pavement properties. As part of this task, in 2011 an international experiment was conducted to compare the measurement devices available within the MIRIAM project. This comparison experiment was popularly called “Round Robin Test” (RRT), which is the name used in this report.The RRT was organized from 6 to 10 June 2011 on the test track owned by IFSTTAR in Nantes, France. Three institutes participated with their rolling resistance trailers: BASt, BRRC, and TUG. The practical organization was coordinated by IFSTTAR and the technical organization by BRRC. Texture measurements were performed by BRRC to verify the homogeneity of the test sections. Measurements on drums in laboratories were performed by BASt and TUG with the same tyres as used in the RRT.At a later stage also truck rolling resistance measurements were carried out on a smaller selection of surfaces on the test track in Nantes. However, when this report was written these measurement results were not yet available.This experiment was, as far as the authors are aware, the first time when this type of devices was compared.This report presents the RRT in terms of how it was carried out and the results obtained.
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| 2. |
- Goubert, Luc, et al.
(author)
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Report of the first round robin test for mobile reflectometers : research carried out in the frame of the activities of CEN/TC 226/WG2
- 2011
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Instrument för mobil mätning av vägmarkeringars retroreflexion har varit kommersiellt tillgängliga sedan slutet av 1990-talet. Det har spekulerats i att mätfelen hos dessa instrument är större än hos de traditionella, handhållna instrumenten. För att få underlag till en standard för mobila instrument har CEN/TC 226/WG2:s expertpanel i ett round robin-test undersökt mätonoggrannheten för tre typer av mobila instrument: Ecodyn 30, LTL-M och Zehntner ZDR 6020. I testet deltog två Ecodyn samt ett instrument av vardera typ LTL-M och Zehntner. Instrumenten numrerades 1–4.En testslinga innehållande 19 kantlinjer och 2 körfältslinjer definierades. Samtliga kantlinjer var heldragna, plana eller profilerade, medan körfältslinjerna var plana och hade längden 3 meter med 9 meters lucka. Varje teststräcka var 200 meter lång och denna mättes två gånger med varje mobilt instrument. Referensmätning gjordes med det handhållna instrumentet LTL-2000 i 32–38 mätpunkter.
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| 3. |
- Goubert, Luc, et al.
(author)
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The PERSUADE project : developing the concept of poroelastic road surface into a powerful tool for abating traffic noise
- 2010
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In: 39th International Congress on Noise Control Engineering 2010. - Lissabon : Sociedade Portuguesa de Acustica (SPA). - 9781617823961 ; , s. 7329-7338
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Within the noise-abating action plans emanating from the European Noise Directive, there is much need for effective and efficient measures to abate traffic noise. In September 2009, the EC-funded project PERSUADE was started with a view to developing the concept of poroelastic road surface (PERS) into a durable, safe and environmentally friendly tool for extreme noise reduction. The main ingredients for PERS are recycled tyre granules and a polymer binder (generally polyurethane, not bitumen). The work will be carried out by a European consortium of twelve partners specialized in different fields and will be coordinated by the Belgian Road Research Centre. This contribution will discuss the state of the art for PERS and outline the working plan for the PERSUADE project.
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| 4. |
- Kragh, Jörgen, et al.
(author)
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Optimization of thin asphalt layers : state-of-the-art review
- 2011
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- ERA-NET ROAD initiated a transnational research project titled "Optimization of thin asphalt layers" (OPTHINAL). The DRI-BRRC-VTI Consortium was trusted with carrying out the project and began with a State-of-the-Art report covering, among other things, a literature study and an inventory of experience with using thin asphalt layers (TAL). The results of this phase of the project are given in the present report.This study was limited to thin asphalt mixtures with a maximum thickness of 30 mm, which means that surface dressings or slurry seals were outside the scope of the project. Neither were top layers of double-layer porous pavements considered as TAL, even though such top layers often are 20-30 mm thick. Mix design and optimization was the subject of another study in this project and is therefore not treated here. The main conclusions are that the application of TAL is certainly worthwhile, in particular asa renewable “skin” of a stable road construction having sufficient bearing capacity. The skin serves road users’ need for sufficient skidding resistance and other important functions.
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| 5. |
- Kragh, Jörgen, et al.
(author)
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Optimization of thin asphalt layers, OPTHINAL. Final report
- 2011
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- ERA-NET ROAD initiated a transnational research project titled "Optimization of thin asphalt layers". Thin asphalt layers have been used extensively and with promising results for more than 15 years in several countries in Europe and abroad. They seem to be cost effective, fast to build and may have good surface properties. In recent years thin asphalt layers have been shown to imply reduced traffic noise levels, increased traffic safety (skid resistance and forward visibility during wet condition) and to be durable compared with traditional alternatives.The DRI-BRRC-VTI Consortium was trusted with carrying out the ERA-NET ROAD project and began with a State-of-the-Art report covering, among other things, a literature study and an inventory of experience with using thin asphalt layers. The results of this phase of the project were documented in a separate project report.The main conclusions were that the application of thin asphalt layers is certainly worthwhile, in particular as a renewable "skin" of a stable road construction having sufficient bearing capacity. The skin serves road users' need for skid resistance and other important functions. Compared with more conventional and traditional surfacing such as dense asphalt concrete 0/11 or stone mastic asphalt 0/11, thin asphalt layers in general come out somewhat better in most respects; for example concerning cost, use of nature resources, rolling resistance, and traffic noise emission. However, there are also drawbacks or problems under special traffic that need to be handled, for example TAL durability when exposed to wear from studded tyres. The availability of premium quality aggregate is a prerequisite for applying thin asphalt layers, and good quality aggregate may be difficult to procure.The present report looks at possibilities to optimize the application of thin asphalt layers, including an analysis of the cost of applying thin asphalt layers compared with the cost of applying more conventional solutions. The study has been limited to thin asphalt layers with a maximum thickness of 30 mm.Recommendations are given concerning the best practice in applying thin asphalt layers and suggestions are given for future research needed to fill the gaps in available knowledge.
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| 6. |
- Sandberg, Ulf, et al.
(author)
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PERSUADE : a European project for exceptional noise reduction by means of poroelastic road surfaces
- 2011
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In: 40th International Congress and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering 2011 (INTER-NOISE 2011). - Tokyo : Institute of Noise Control Engineering of Japan (INCE/J), Acoustical Society of Japan (ASJ). - 9781618392800 ; , s. 673-684
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The PERSUADE (PoroElastic Road SUrface for Avoiding Damage to the Environment) project started as an EU funded project aiming at further development of the poroelastic road surface (PERS). It has been shown in previous experiments in Sweden and Japan that this experimental type of pavement, made of rubber granules and stone or sand aggregates, bound with a flexible polymer like polyurethane, is capable of reducing tire/road noise by up to 12 dB(A) for cars. This is a higher reduction than any other type of surfacing has offered. In this paper, the main problems (such as limited raveling resistance, adhesion to the sub layer and decreasing skid resistance) will be discussed as well as the strategy how the project consortium will try to solve them. The potential usefulness of the new pavement will also be discussed. The paper will include a chapter in which the economical feasibility of PERS is studied. It is obvious that this type of road surface is much more expensive than even the most costly “conventional” noise reducing pavements. Nevertheless, research carried out within the framework of PERSUADE has shown that PERS can be a cost effective noise abatement measure in certain applications, even with a limited lifetime.
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| 7. |
- Sandberg, Ulf, 1946-, et al.
(author)
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Road surface influence on tyre/road rolling resistance
- 2011
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Rolling resistance is a form of energy loss caused by the interaction between a rolling tyre and the road surface. This functional property of road surfaces and also of tyres is one of the most important from both an economical and environmental point of view; something which is acknowledged widely with regard to tyres but which is most often totally neglected with regard to road surfaces. There seems to be the misconception that rolling resistance is a property of tyres alone, rather than an interaction in which both components are equally “guilty”, just like the cases of skid resistance or tyre/road noise.Road surfaces are traditionally selected essentially based on properties such as skid resistance, durability and cost; sometimes also ride comfort and tyre/road noise emission are considered. But rolling resistance is practically never considered.One reason why rolling resistance properties of road surfaces are hardly ever given any importance is the lack of practical measurement methods and thus a lack of data. Rolling resistance of tyres is measured on laboratory drums using ISO and SAE methods but to take these methods out on the road is virtually impossible. The lack of proper measurements has resulted in ignorance about the effect of road surface on rolling resistance.In order to develop and study measurement methods, there must be a basic understanding of the influencing parameters as well as what energy losses that should be included in the concept of rolling resistance. A report which intended to provide basic knowledge about the influence on rolling resistance of various parameters, suggest a definition of rolling resistance and provide some detailed state-of-the-art knowledge about the measurement methods and equipment that are useful for collecting rolling resistance data is already published within project MIRIAM [Sandberg (ed), 2011].This report presents earlier as well as recent measurements of rolling resistance on a number of road surface types in various countries. Based on these data a relation between rolling resistance, as measured by the special trailers used in this project, and road surface parameters is suggested. This relation may be seen as a kind of source model; explaining the sources of the energy losses and its effects on rolling resistance.
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| 8. |
- Sandberg, Ulf, 1946-, et al.
(author)
-
Rolling resistance : basic information and state-of-the-art on measurement methods. Final version
- 2011
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- MIRIAM has established a sub-project (SP), designated SP 1, to deal with measurement methods for rolling resistance and related issues. This subject forms the most fundamental basis for the MIRIAM ambition to consider rolling resistance in pavement management or other types of infrastructure systems. Without robust measurement methods and equipment that can use them there will be no reliable data as input to such systems and the end result will be most uncertain, if useful at all.In order to develop and study measurement methods, there must be a basic understanding of the influencing parameters as well as what energy losses that should be included in the concept of rolling resistance. These issues are, therefore, important parts of the work in SP 1.This report is intended to provide basic knowledge about the part of the tyre and road interaction which relates to rolling resistance; for example, the mechanisms that create rolling resistance, and the influence on rolling resistance of various tyre and road parameters. The intention is also to suggest a definition of rolling resistance for the purposes of this project, as well as to provide some detailed state-of-the-art knowledge about the measurement methods and equipment that are useful for collecting rolling resistance data.
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| 9. |
- Sandberg, Ulf, 1946-, et al.
(author)
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Rolling Resistance : Measurement Methods for Studies of Road Surface Effects
- 2012
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This report is intended to provide basic knowledge about measurement methods which relate to the road surface influence on rolling resistance, as well as to provide some information about equipment that are useful for collecting rolling resistance data. The methods used were literature studies, compiling experience from recent research projects (not yet reported), using other Deliverables in MIRIAM SP 1 and, above all; a rather extensive field experiment within MIRIAM called the round robin test.The work in MIRIAM is the first time one has looked at rolling resistance measurement methods applicable to road surface effects systematically, and evaluated various measurement equipment, both in some detail and from an overall point of view.As an overall conclusion it may be stated that rolling resistance measurement methods are still in their infancy. This applies to testing of tyres, where the many standards produced so far totally miss that the rolling resistance is a tyre/road interaction and therefore have serious drawbacks. This also applies to testing road surfaces where the tyre/road interaction has indeed been a major concern from the beginning, but where field testing appears to be extremely difficult.Whereas Phase One provided fair possibilities to study rolling resistance of car tyres, there was very little possibility to study measurements with heavy vehicles and their tyres. As the latter are the sources for a major part of the transportation fuel consumption and air pollution (perhaps up to half of it), this means that Phase One of MIRIAM SP1 had resources to address only a limited part of the measurement problem.This report includes comprehensive lists of research needs, both in general and within the next Phase of MIRIAM.Phase One of MIRIAM gave the partners a lot more knowledge about rolling resistance measurements, which will be most useful in further work. The work and its result have created a good platform from which further steps can be taken in Phase Two of MIRIAM. This report should provide major progress towards the goal of producing a useful measurement method and standard.
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