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- Carninci, P, et al.
(author)
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The transcriptional landscape of the mammalian genome
- 2005
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In: Science (New York, N.Y.). - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 1095-9203 .- 0036-8075. ; 309:5740, s. 1559-1563
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study describes comprehensive polling of transcription start and termination sites and analysis of previously unidentified full-length complementary DNAs derived from the mouse genome. We identify the 5′ and 3′ boundaries of 181,047 transcripts with extensive variation in transcripts arising from alternative promoter usage, splicing, and polyadenylation. There are 16,247 new mouse protein-coding transcripts, including 5154 encoding previously unidentified proteins. Genomic mapping of the transcriptome reveals transcriptional forests, with overlapping transcription on both strands, separated by deserts in which few transcripts are observed. The data provide a comprehensive platform for the comparative analysis of mammalian transcriptional regulation in differentiation and development.
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| 4. |
- Savin, S., et al.
(author)
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Experimental study of nonlinear interaction of plasma flow with charged thin current sheets : 2. Hall dynamics, mass and momentum transfer
- 2006
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In: Nonlinear processes in geophysics. - 1023-5809 .- 1607-7946. ; 13:4, s. 377-392
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Proceeding with the analysis of Amata et al. (2005), we suggest that the general feature for the local transport at a thin magnetopause (MP) consists of the penetration of ions from the magnetosheath with gyroradius larger than the MP width, and that, in crossing it, the transverse potential difference at the thin current sheet (TCS) is acquired by these ions, providing a field-particle energy exchange without parallel electric fields. It is suggested that a part of the surface charge is self-consistently produced by deflection of ions in the course of inertial drift in the nonuniform electric field at MP. Consideration of the partial moments of ions with different energies demonstrates that the protons having gyro-radii of roughly the same size or larger than the MP width carry fluxes normal to MP that are about 20% of the total flow in the plasma jet under MP. This is close to the excess of the ion transverse velocity over the cross-field drift speed in the plasma flow just inside MP (Amata et al., 2005), which conforms to the contribution of the finite-gyroradius inflow across MP. A linkage through the TCS between different plasmas results from the momentum conservation of the higher-energy ions. If the finite-gyroradius penetration occurs along the MP over similar to 1.5 R-E from the observation site, then it can completely account for the formation of the jet under the MP. To provide the downstream acceleration of the flow near the MP via the cross-field drift, the weak magnetic field is suggested to rotate from its nearly parallel direction to the unperturbed flow toward being almost perpendicular to the accelerated flow near the MP. We discuss a deceleration of the higher-energy ions in the MP normal direction due to the interaction with finite-scale electric field bursts in the magnetosheath flow frame, equivalent to collisions, providing a charge separation. These effective collisions, with a nonlinear frequency proxy of the order of the proton cyclotron one, in extended turbulent zones are a promising alternative in place of the usual parallel electric fields invoked in the macro-reconnection scenarios. Further cascading towards electron scales is supposed to be due to unstable parallel electron currents, which neutralize the potential differences, either resulted from the ion-burst interactions or from the inertial drift. The complicated MP shape suggests its systematic velocity departure from the local normal towards the average one, inferring domination for the MP movement of the non-local processes over the small-scale local ones. The measured Poynting vector indicates energy transmission from the MP into the upstream region with the waves triggering impulsive downstream flows, providing an input into the local flow balance and the outward movement of the MP. Equating the transverse electric field inside the MP TCS by the Hall term in the Ohm's law implies a separation of the different plasmas primarily by the Hall current, driven by the respective part of the TCS surface charge. The Hall dynamics of TCS can operate either without or as a part of a macro-reconnection with the magnetic field annihilation.
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| 5. |
- Au, Gough G, et al.
(author)
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Oncolysis of vascular malignant human melanoma tumors by Coxsackievirus A21.
- 2005
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In: International Journal of Oncology. - 1019-6439 .- 1791-2423. ; 26:6, s. 1471-6
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Cultured melanoma cell lines despite exhibiting similar in vitro morphology, display significant phenotypic and growth rate differences when propagated as in vivo xenografts. Previously we have shown that Coxsackievirus A21 (CVA21) lytically infects in vitro cultures of malignant melanoma cells and is efficient at reducing the tumor burden of mice bearing slow-growing SK-Mel-28 melanoma xenografts. The oncolytic activity of CVA21 against in vivo melanoma xenografts, which possess rapid growth rates and more extensive vascular structure than SK-Mel-28 xenografts warrants further investigation. In the present study we evaluated the oncolytic action of CVA21 against rapidly growing melanoma xenografts (ME4405) which exhibit a highly vascular phenotype. Flow cytometric analysis indicated that in vitro cultures of ME4405 cells expressed comparable levels of the CVA21 cellular receptors, ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecules-1) and DAF (decay accelerating factor) to SK-Mel-28 cells. Despite similar levels of CVA21 receptor expression, SK-Mel-28 cells appear to be more susceptible to viral lysis than ME4405 cells, even though the kinetics of virus replication in both lines was comparable. Intratumoral, intraperitoneal or intravenous administration of CVA21 were equally effective in reducing the tumor volume of ME4405 xenografts in immunodeficient mice, and provides further evidence for the use of CVA21 as a novel oncolytic agent against varying phenotypes of malignant melanoma.
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