| 1. |
- Andersson, David Emanuely, et al.
(author)
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The geography of science in 12 European countries : a NUTS2-level analysis
- 2020
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In: Scientometrics. - : Springer Nature. - 0138-9130 .- 1588-2861. ; 124:2, s. 1099-1125
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Europe has a long history as a global center of scientific research, but not all European regions are alike. Regions such as ile de France and the corridor that stretches from Cambridge to Oxford via London produce a disproportionate share of Europe's science output. An econometric analysis sheds light on the factors that explain the spatial distribution of European science. One result is that the regional volume of Web of Science publications depends on the regional number of researchers in higher education institutions. This is however not the only cause of high output. Universities and their surrounding regions are slowly evolving institutional structures. Some regions host universities that are more than 500 years old. A second key result is that an increase in the age of a region's oldest university is associated with greater output, other things being equal. Third, interregional accessibility via road, rail, and air networks is important for small regions, but not for large ones. Conversely, regional high-tech R&D employment is important for large but not for small regions.
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| 2. |
- Hårsman, Björn, et al.
(author)
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Analyzing the returns to entrepreneurship by a modified Lazear model
- 2020
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In: Small Business Economics. - : Springer. - 0921-898X .- 1573-0913.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A modified version of Lazear’s model (in American Economic Review, 94, 208-211, 2004, Journal of Labor Economics, 23, 649–680, 2005) for occupational choice is formulated. It includes a utility adjustment factor that captures the combined effect of nonpecuniary benefits and uncertainty associated with entrepreneurship. We show that the counterfactual income returns to entrepreneurship are lower than the market value of entrepreneurial talent and higher than the inverse of the utility adjustment factor. Moreover, if the skill profiles in the population are Fréchet-distributed, the ratio between the expected incomes of entrepreneurs and observationally similar wage employees is lower than the inverse of the utility adjustment factor. Thus, entrepreneurs will on average earn less than wage employees if the utility adjustment factor is greater than or equal to one. It is also shown that the self-selection bias related to this income ratio or returns measure increases with the observed percentage of entrepreneurs. Swedish employment data are used to calibrate the modified Lazear model. The empirical results indicate that uncertainty considerations might be more important for the occupational choices than nonpecuniary benefits.
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