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| 2. |
- DeLisle, J., et al.
(författare)
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Sustainable real estate : An empirical study of the behavioural response of developers and investors to the LEED rating system
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Property Investment & Finance. - : Emerald. - 1463-578X .- 1470-2002. ; 31:1, s. 10-40
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore the notion of sustainability and research reporting price premiums for LEED-certified buildings. Design/methodology/approach: This paper explores the notion of sustainability and research reporting price premiums for LEED-certified buildings. The durability of certification levels is explored by converting projects developed under the initial NC2-series system to a new vintage rating adopted in 2009. This conversion is made by applying Lagrangian multipliers to model stochastic impacts. Findings: The study reveals that 18 percent of 591 projects developed under the NC2-Series were "misclassified" in terms of certification levels when converted to new NCv2009 standards. To the extent the market has pursued LEED certification levels, the unanticipated changes may have led to the adoption short-term solutions that are inappropriate due to the long-term nature of real estate assets. Research limitations/implications: Given the complexity of the LEED rating system, it is unknown how the market will react to the lack of durability and approach pricing over the long-term. Practical implications: The results indicate market participants should adopt a proactive approach to LEED certification. Originality/value: The study identifies significant dynamics in the LEED certification system for new construction and behavioural responses that have not been reported in the literature.
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| 3. |
- Häll, Carl Henrik, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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A modeling system for simulation of dial-a-ride services
- 2012
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Ingår i: Public Transport. - Berlin / Heidelberg : Springer. - 1866-749X .- 1613-7159. ; 4:1, s. 17-37
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a modeling system for simulation of dial-a-ride services. It can be used as a tool for understanding and study how different designs, and different ways to operate a dial-a-ride service, affect the performance and efficiency of the service. The system simulates the operation of a dynamic dial-a-ride service that operates with multiple fleets of vehicles with different capacities, schedules and depots. It can be used to investigate how the setting of service and cost parameters and the design of the service affect the total cost for the operator and level of service for the customer. We describe the different modules in the system and the possible uses of the system. A short simulation study is performed to exemplify how it can be used. In this study the effects of including costs for customer discomfort are evaluated.
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| 5. |
- Högberg, Sofie M., et al.
(författare)
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Time-dependent deposition of micro- and nanofibers in straight model airways
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Fluids Engineering. - : ASME International. - 0098-2202 .- 1528-901X. ; 134:5, s. 051208-1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we increase the understanding of the influence of the breathing pattern on the fate of inhaled non-spherical micro and nanoparticles and examine the accuracy of replacing the cyclic flow field with a quasi-steady flow. This is done with new analysis and numerical simulations on straight model airways using a previously developed discrete model for fiber motion. For the conditions studied, maximum deposition is obtained when fibers are released at the start of the inspiratory cycle, and minimum is received at the peak of inhalation. A quasi-steady solution generally provides a relatively good approximation to cyclic flow if an average velocity over one residence time of the particles moving with the mean fluid velocity is used. For a batch type, supply of particles deposition is favored in light activity breathing as compared to heavy breathing and the inclusion of a short pause after the inhalation results in an increased deposition in the terminal bronchiole. During zero-flow over the time of a breathing pause, spherical 10 nm particles experience considerable deposition in the distal airways, whereas only a few percent of larger and/ or fibrous nanoparticles were deposited. Hence, size and shape are crucial variables for deposition for no flow conditions. Common for all breathing parameters examined was that minimum deposition was obtained for the spherical 1 µm-particles and the fibrous 100 nm-particles. The former is expected from studies on spherical particles, and the latter is in agreement with results from a recent publication on steady inspiration.
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| 6. |
- Lahdenperä, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Up-regulation of small intestinal interleukin-17 immunity in untreated coeliac disease but not in potential coeliac disease or in type 1 diabetes
- 2012
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Ingår i: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0009-9104 .- 1365-2249. ; 167:2, s. 226-234
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Up-regulation of interleukin (IL)-17 in small intestinal mucosa has been reported in coeliac disease (CD) and in peripheral blood in type 1 diabetes (T1D). We explored mucosal IL-17 immunity in different stages of CD, including transglutaminase antibody (TGA)-positive children with potential CD, children with untreated and gluten-free diet-treated CD and in children with T1D. Immunohistochemistry was used for identification of IL-17 and forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3)-positive cells and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for IL-17, FoxP3, retinoic acid-related orphan receptor (ROR)c and interferon (IFN)-γ transcripts. IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-17 were studied in supernatants from biopsy cultures. Expression of the apoptotic markers BAX and bcl-2 was evaluated in IL-17-stimulated CaCo-2 cells. The mucosal expression of IL-17 and FoxP3 transcripts were elevated in individuals with untreated CD when compared with the TGA-negative reference children, children with potential CD or gluten-free diet-treated children with CD (P andlt; 0·005 for all IL-17 comparisons and P andlt; 0·01 for all FoxP3 comparisons). The numbers of IL-17-positive cells were higher in lamina propria in children with CD than in children with T1D (P andlt; 0·05). In biopsy specimens from patients with untreated CD, enhanced spontaneous secretion of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-17 was seen. Activation of anti-apoptotic bcl-2 in IL-17-treated CaCo-2 epithelial cells suggests that IL-17 might be involved in mucosal protection. Up-regulation of IL-17 could, however, serve as a biomarker for the development of villous atrophy and active CD.
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| 7. |
- Lauridsen, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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High-rate deposition of amorphous and nanocomposite Ti-Si-C multifunctional coatings
- 2010
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Ingår i: Surface & Coatings Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0257-8972 .- 1879-3347. ; 205:2, s. 299-305
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Amorphous (a) and nanocomposite Ti-Si-C coatings were deposited at rates up to 16 mu m/h by direct current magnetron sputtering from a Ti3SiC2 compound target, using an industrial pilot-plant system, onto high-speed steel. Si, and SiO2 substrates as well as NI-plated Cu cylinders, kept at a temperature of 200 or 270 degrees C. Electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analyses showed that TiC/a-C/a-SiC nanocomposites were formed consisting of textured TIC nanocrystallites (nc) embedded in a matrix of a-C and a-SiC. Elastic recoil detection analysis showed that coatings deposited at a target-to-substrate distance of 2 cm and an Ar pressure of 10 mTorr have a composition close to that of the Ti3SiC2 compound target, as explained by ballistic transport of the species Increased target-to-substrate distance from 2 cm to 8 cm resulted in a higher carbon-to-titanium ratio in the coatings than for the Ti3SiC2 compound target, due to different gas-phase scattering properties between the sputtered species The coating microstructure could be modified from nanocrystalline to predominantly amorphous by changing the pressure and target-to-substrate conditions to 4 mTorr and 2 cm, respectively. A decreased pressure from 10 mTorr to 4 or 2 mTorr at a target-to-substrate distance of 2 cm decreased the deposition rate up to a factor of similar to 7 as explained by resputtering and an increase in the plasma sheath thickness. The coatings exhibited electrical resistivity in the range 160-800 mu Omega cm, contact resistance down to 08 m Omega at a contact force of 40 N, and nanoindentation hardness in the range of 6-38 GPa.
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| 8. |
- Mattsson, Charlotte L., et al.
(författare)
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β₁-Adrenergic receptors increase UCP1 in human MADS brown adipocytes and rescue cold-acclimated β₃-adrenergic receptor-knockout mice via nonshivering thermogenesis
- 2011
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Ingår i: American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism. - : American Physiological Society. - 0193-1849 .- 1522-1555. ; 301:6, s. E1108-E1118
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With the finding that brown adipose tissue is present and negatively correlated to obesity in adult man, finding the mechanism(s) of how to activate brown adipose tissue in humans could be important in combating obesity, type 2 diabetes, and their complications. In mice, the main regulator of nonshivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue is norepinephrine acting predominantly via β(3)-adrenergic receptors. However, vast majorities of β(3)-adrenergic agonists have so far not been able to stimulate human β(3)-adrenergic receptors or brown adipose tissue activity, and it was postulated that human brown adipose tissue could be regulated instead by β(1)-adrenergic receptors. Therefore, we have investigated the signaling pathways, specifically pathways to nonshivering thermogenesis, in mice lacking β(3)-adrenergic receptors. Wild-type and β(3)-knockout mice were either exposed to acute cold (up to 12 h) or acclimated for 7 wk to cold, and parameters related to metabolism and brown adipose tissue function were investigated. β(3)-knockout mice were able to survive both acute and prolonged cold exposure due to activation of β(1)-adrenergic receptors. Thus, in the absence of β(3)-adrenergic receptors, β(1)-adrenergic receptors are effectively able to signal via cAMP to elicit cAMP-mediated responses and to recruit and activate brown adipose tissue. In addition, we found that in human multipotent adipose-derived stem cells differentiated into functional brown adipocytes, activation of either β(1)-adrenergic receptors or β(3)-adrenergic receptors was able to increase UCP1 mRNA and protein levels. Thus, in humans, β(1)-adrenergic receptors could play an important role in regulating nonshivering thermogenesis.
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| 9. |
- Tjellstrom, B., et al.
(författare)
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The effects of oats on the function of gut microflora in children with coeliac disease
- 2014
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Ingår i: Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. - : Wiley. - 0269-2813 .- 1365-2036. ; 39:10, s. 1156-1160
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Faecal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are produced by the gut microflora. We have previously reported high faecal SCFA levels in children with coeliac disease (CD), indicating alteration in gut microfloral metabolism. Data accumulated over recent decades by us and others suggest that wheat-free oats can safely be included in a gluten-free diet (GFD). However, concerns have been raised with respect to the safety of oats in a subset of coeliacs. Aim To describe faecal SCFA patterns in children with newly diagnosed CD treated for 1year with a GFD with or without oats. Methods This report is part of a randomised, double-blind study on the effect of a GFD containing oats (GFD-oats) vs. a standard GFD (GFD-std). Faecal samples were received from 34 children in the GFD-oats group and 37 in the GFD-std group at initial diagnosis and/or after 1year on a GFD. Faecal SCFAs were analysed. Results The GFD-std group had a significantly lower total faecal SCFA concentration at 12months compared with 0months (Pless than0.05). In contrast, total SCFA in the GFD-oats group remained high after 1year on the GFD. The children in the GFD-oats group had significantly higher acetic acid (Pless than0.05), n-butyric acid (Pless than0.05) and total SCFA concentration (Pless than0.01) after 1-year diet treatment compared to the GFD-std group. Conclusions Our results indicate that oats do affect the gut microflora function, and that some coeliac children receiving oats may develop gut mucosal inflammation, that may present a risk for future complications.
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| 10. |
- Åkerstedt, Hans O., et al.
(författare)
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An asymptotic approach of Brownian deposition of nanofibres in pipe flow
- 2013
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Ingår i: Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0935-4964 .- 1432-2250. ; 27:5, s. 561-575
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An asymptotic approach is considered for the transport and deposition of nanofibres in pipe flow. Convection and Brownian diffusion are included, and Brownian diffusion is assumed to be the dominant mechanism. The fibre position and orientation are modelled with a probability density function for which the governing equation is a Fokker-Planck equation. The focus is set on dilute fibres concentrations implying that interaction between individual fibres is neglected. At the entrance of the pipe, a fully developed velocity profile is set and it is assumed that the fibres enter the pipe with a completely random orientation and position. A small parameter {Mathematical expression} is introduced, where l is the fibre half-length and a is the pipe radius. The probability density function is expanded for small {Mathematical expression} and the solution turns out to be multi-structured with three areas, consisting of one outer solution and two boundary layers. For the deposition of fibres on the wall, it is found that for parabolic flow, and for the lowest order, the deposition can be obtained with a simplified angle averaged convective-diffusion equation. It is suggested that this simplification is valid also for more complex flows like when the inflow boundary condition yields a developing velocity profile and flows within more intricate geometries than here studied. With the model fibre, deposition rates in human respiratory airways are derived. The results obtained compare relatively well with those obtained with a previously published model
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