| 1. |
- Ahrné, Karin, et al.
(author)
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Tillstånd och trender för arter och deras livsmiljöer – rödlistade arter i Sverige 2015
- 2015
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- 2015 års upplaga av den svenska rödlistan är den fjärde i ordningen. Den är baserad på IUCN:s rödlistningskriterier och revideras vart femte år. I rödlistan bedöms risken som enskilda arter av djur, växter och svampar löper att försvinna från Sverige. Bedömningen utförs av ArtDatabankens medarbetare i samverkan med över 100 externa experter, indelade i 14 expertkommittéer för olika organismgrupper. Under arbetet med 2015 års rödlista har tillstånd och trender bedömts för 21 600 arter och 1 318 lägre taxa (apomiktiska arter, underarter och varieteter), sammanlagt ca 22 900 taxa. Av de bedömda arterna klassificerades 2 029 som hotade (kategorierna CR, EN och VU) och 4 273 som rödlistade (inkluderar även kategorierna NT, RE och DD). Förhållandet mellan antalet rödlistade och antalet bedömda arter ar 19,8 %, vilket är ungefär samma värde som 2010 och 2005. I denna rapport jämförs antalet och andelen rödlistade arter mellan olika organismgrupper, biotoper, substrat och påverkansfaktorer. Texten ar indelad i en allmän del och åtta kapitel inriktade på olika landskapstyper. Landskapstyperna utgör en grov indelning av landets miljöer enligt följande kategorier: Skog, Jordbrukslandskap, Urbana miljöer, Fjäll, Våtmarker, Sötvatten, Havsstränder och Havsmiljöer. Skogen och jordbrukslandskapet är de artrikaste landskapstyperna med 1 800 respektive 1 400 arter som har en stark anknytning dit, och ytterligare flera hundra arter som förekommer där mer sporadiskt. De faktorer som påverkar flest rödlistade arter i Sverige är skogsavverkning och igenväxning, som båda utgör ett hot mot vardera ca 30 % av de rödlistade arterna. Avverkning minskar arealen av skog där naturliga strukturer och naturlig dynamik upprätthålls, och den orsakar därmed förlust av livsmiljöer. Igenväxning orsakas av ett antal faktorer, bland annat upphörande hävd (bete och slåtter), gödsling, trädplantering och brist på naturliga störningsregimer som t.ex. regelbundna översvämningar kring vattendrag och sjöar. Andra viktiga påverkansfaktorer är fiske, torrläggning av våtmarker, tillbakagång hos värdarter (främst alm och ask som drabbats av invasiva svampsjukdomar), klimatförändringar och konkurrens från invasiva arter. IUCN:s rödlisteindex beräknas för ett urval av de bedömda organismgrupperna. Rödlisteindex visar att skillnaderna mellan rödlistorna från 2000, 2005, 2010 och 2015 är små. Ett par undantag finns dock. Groddjur och stora däggdjur har fått en något förbättrad situation sedan 2000. Totalt förefaller det ändå som att trycket mot Sveriges artstock har förblivit relativt konstant under de senaste 15 åren.
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| 2. |
- Calvo-Ugarteburu, Gurutze, et al.
(author)
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Rehabilitating mussel beds in Coffee Bay, South Africa : Towards fostering cooperative small-scale fisheries governance and enabling community upliftment
- 2017
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In: Ambio. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 46:2, s. 214-226
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Along the coast of South Africa, marine resources play a significant role in supporting livelihoods and contributing to food security in impoverished rural communities. Post-apartheid fisheries laws and policies have begun to address traditional fishing rights and development needs, and new management arrangements are being implemented. One such initiative has been the Mussel Rehabilitation Project in Coffee Bay, which piloted a resource rehabilitation technique at several overexploited fishing sites. Mussel stocks in these exploited areas had dropped to under 1 % mussel cover, and during the project period, stocks increased to[ 80 % cover, supporting a sustainable harvest well above national daily bag limits. This stock enhancement was achieved only after the project had started to address social challenges such as the lack of local management institutions and the need to enhance food security. The project embarked on training and institution-building; it formed a robust community mussel management committee; and developed a local resource management plan, facilitating increased community participation in the day-to-day management of the resource. The project also saw the initiation of various ancillary projects aimed at improving food security and stimulating the local economy and hence alleviating pressure on the marine resources. Here we review this 10-yearproject's outcomes, and present lessons for smallscale fisheries governance in South Africa and internationally. We show, through empirical experience, that balancing stock rebuilding needs in a context of widespread poverty and dependency on natural resources by a local fisher community can only be addressed through an integrated approach to development. Participation of resource users and a thorough understanding of the local context are imperative to negotiating appropriate smallscale fisheries governance approaches. We recommend that the implementation of South Africa's newly minted SmallScale Fisheries Policy should begin with bottom-up, demonstrative resource management measures such as mussel rehabilitation. This type of initiative can deliver short-term food security benefits and foster social learning towards sustainable and cooperative fisheries governance.
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| 3. |
- Dumilag, Richard V., et al.
(author)
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Genotype introduction affects population composition of native Philippine Kappaphycus (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta)
- 2016
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In: Conservation Genetics Resources. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1877-7252 .- 1877-7260. ; 8:4, s. 439-441
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We present evidence on the presence of introduced red seaweed Kappaphycus cultivar in native Kappapphycus populations in Hoyanjog Island, Surigao del Norte, Philippines. This is the first actual report that native populations of Kappaphycus in the Philippines may possibly face genotype shifting from native to introduced. Our findings call for a challenge in conservation laws to design resource management strategies and to regulate Kappaphycus farming in sites where there are known native Kappaphycus genotypes.
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| 4. |
- Eggertsen, Maria, et al.
(author)
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Contrasting distribution and foraging patterns of herbivorous and detritivorous fishes across multiple habitats in a tropical seascape
- 2019
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In: Marine Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 166:4
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Understanding drivers behind patterns of functionally important groups of fishes is crucial for successful management and conservation of tropical seascapes. Herbivorous fishes are the most prominent consumers of marine primary production which can have profound effects on reef resilience. We explored environmental variables affecting distribution and foraging patterns of herbivorous and detritivorous fish assemblages (siganids, acanthurids and parrotfish) across distinct shallow-water habitats (coral reefs, macroalgae beds and seagrass meadows) during September-November 2016 at Mafia Island, Tanzania (8 degrees 00S, 39 degrees 41E). We performed underwater visual census to quantify fish assemblages, measured habitat features, deployed macroalgal assays and conducted inventories of grazing scars. Multi-dimensional scaling and mixed-effects linear models were used to evaluate differences in fish assemblages and environmental variables influencing abundance and foraging patterns of fishes. Fish communities of focal functional groups differed among habitats. Abundance of herbivores and detritivores as well as relative browsing and scraping was highest on coral reefs compared to macroalgae and seagrass meadows.Adult fish were more abundant on coral reefs while juveniles were abundant in macroalgal beds. Coral cover and crustose coralline algal cover had a positive effect on the abundance of fish in coral reef areas, while macroalgal cover had a negative effect. Contrastingly, in macroalgae habitats, macroalgal cover had a positive effect on the abundance of parrotfish. These results highlight the importance of considering connectivity between macroalgal beds and coral reefs through ontogenetic shifts in habitat use by primarily microphagous parrotfish and of incorporating a range of habitats within coastal management plans.
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| 5. |
- Gullström, Martin, et al.
(author)
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Utvärdering av videoteknik som visuell undervattensmetod för uppföljning av marina naturtyper och typiska arter : Metodsäkerhet, precision och kostnader
- 2017
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Svensk naturvård är idag starkt kopplad till naturvårdsarbetet inom EU och styrs till en väsentlig del av olika direktiv. EU:s art- och habitatdirektiv är ett viktigt sådant direktiv som fokuserar på bevarande av den biologiska mångfalden. Den här rapporten presenterar en nationell studie, där det främsta syftet har varit att utvärdera undervattensvideo som visuell metod för uppföljning av marina naturtyper och typiska arter definierade i EU:s art- och habitatdirektiv. Det övergripande målet är att utveckla ett väl fungerande och harmoniserat miljöövervakningsprogram i syfte att skydda och följa upp våra kuster och hav. Projektet är utfört inom ramarna för ett samarbetsprojekt mellan Havs- och vattenmyndigheten, Naturvårdsverket och ArtDatabanken (SLU). Resultaten ligger till grund för undersökningstypen Visuella undervattensmetoder för uppföljning av marina naturtyper och typiska arter (Havs- och vattenmyndigheten manus) samt bidrar till det övergripande projektet Biogeografisk uppföljning (uppdragsavtal 2574-13). Studien utfördes under sommaren 2012 med huvudsyftet att jämföra och utvärdera data insamlat genom fyra olika fotografiska metoder: två videoanalysmetoder och två bildanalysmetoder, sinsemellan samt mot data insamlat genom dykning. Variabler som testades inkluderade taxonomisk upplösning, möjlighet att skatta olika organismers täckningsgrad med god precision samt de olika metodernas kostnadseffektivitet. För att få en helhetsbild av Sveriges kustzon så valdes fem geografiskt väl utspridda områden (från Bottenviken i norra Östersjön till Kosterarkipelagen nära den norska gränsen). Inom varje område gjordes undersökningarna på hård- respektive mjukbotten och inkluderade fem replikat per bottentyp. Resultaten visar att dykmetoden ger en högre taxonomisk upplösning än samtliga fotografiska metoder, och skattning av hela videofilmen (videoanalysmetoder) ger en högre taxonomisk upplösning än en skattning av stillbilder från filmen (bildanalysmetoder). Intressant ur ett miljöövervakningsperspektiv är att videoanalysmetoder visade likvärdig precision och replikerbarhet som dykmetoden. Kostnadsmässigt visade resultaten att video- och bildanalysmetoderna är klart fördelaktiga i jämförelse med dykning. För att skapa ett harmoniserat miljöövervakningsinstrument och för att följa upp marina naturtyper och typiska arter enligt EU:s art- och habitatdirektiv kan undervattensvideo således anses vara ett intressant och lämpligt alternativ, vilket även andra nyligen utförda studier (t.ex. Sundblad m.fl. 2013 a, b, c) indikerar.
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| 6. |
- Levin, Lena, 1958-, et al.
(author)
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Att integrera jämställdhet i länstransportplanering : Slutredovisning av forskningsprojektet Implementering av metod för jämställdhetskonsekvensbedömning (JKB) i svensk transportinfrastrukturplanering
- 2016
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The aim of the project was to develop and test the model for Gender Equality Impact Assessment as proposed in the report Gender Equality in Traffic Planning. Principally the focus was on the Swedish national gender equality objectives of economic equality and the equal distribution of unpaid housework and provision of care. The project also aimed to identify the need for development of knowledge (of gender equality) and to develop an undergraduate training course for professionals in transportation planning.The departure of the project was taken in the objectives of gender equality in transport and the national gender equality objectives. Every fourth to fifth year a county transport plan is formed for each of the 20 regions of Sweden. These plans are the basis for investments in transport for 10–15 years in the future. The plans are used to prioritize the major transport infrastructure initiatives at the national, regional and local level.The research project was organised into five work packages, where researchers and planners collaborated. Initially the researchers analysed how gender came into account in the last two regional transport plans, and in focus groups and workshops with planners discussed their viewpoints on gender equality in the regional transportation planning. These analyses and discussions formed the basis for the two work packages with additional working sessions where a number of steps in a procedure were tested with the aim to further develop a working model for gender equality impact assessment.
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| 7. |
- Tano, Stina A., et al.
(author)
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Extensive spread of farmed seaweeds causes a shift from native to non-native haplotypes in natural seaweed beds
- 2015
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In: Marine Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 162:10, s. 1983-1992
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Seaweed farming has been the cause of introductions of non-indigenous seaweed species and genotypes throughout the world. In Zanzibar, Tanzania, foreign genotypes of Eucheuma denticulatum were introduced for farming purposes in 1989, and in recent years a spread of non-indigenous haplotypes has been reported. The current study aimed to investigate the presence and extent of introduced and native haplotypes of E. denticulatum as well as their relative frequencies, to obtain the severity of the spread of cultivated seaweed and the current state of the native populations. The results show that all investigated sites are dominated by the introduced South-east Asian haplotypes, even where seaweed farming has never occurred. As the frequencies of East African haplotypes are remarkably low, this shows a shift from native to introduced E. denticulatum. This shift may, at least in part, be caused by earlier overharvest of natural seaweed populations, and indicates a cryptic invasion of the introduced haplotypes at the potential cost of the recovery of the native haplotype populations.
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| 8. |
- Tano, Stina A., et al.
(author)
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Tropical seaweed beds as important habitats for juvenile fish
- 2017
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In: Marine and Freshwater Research. - 1323-1650 .- 1448-6059. ; 68:10, s. 1921-1934
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Seaweed beds within tropical seascapes have received little attention as potential fish habitat, despite other vegetated habitats, such as seagrass meadows and mangroves, commonly being recognised as important nurseries for numerous fish species. In addition, studies of vegetated habitats rarely investigate fish assemblages across different macrophyte communities. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the role of tropical seaweed beds as fish habitat, particularly for juvenile fish, by comparing their fish assemblages with those of closely situated seagrass beds. Fish assemblages were assessed by visual census in belt transects, where fish were identified and their length estimated, and habitat variables were estimated for each transect. The abundance of juvenile fish in seaweed beds was twice as high as that in seagrass meadows, whereas there was no difference in total, subadult or adult fish abundance. In addition, the abundance of commercially important and coral reef-associated juveniles was higher in seaweed beds, as was fish species richness. Fish assemblages differed between habitats, with siganids being more common in seagrass meadows and juvenile Labridae and Serranidae more common in seaweed beds. These results highlight that tropical seaweed beds are important juvenile fish habitats and underscore the need to widen the view of the shallow tropical seascape.
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| 9. |
- Tano, Stina, 1983-
(author)
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Seaweed in the tropical seascape : Importance, problems and potential
- 2016
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The increasing demand for seaweed extracts has led to the introduction of non-native seaweeds for farming purposes in many tropical regions. Such intentional introductions can lead to spread of non-native seaweeds from farming areas, which can become established in and alter the dynamics of the recipient ecosystems. While tropical seaweeds are of great interest for aquaculture, and have received much attention as pests in the coral reef literature, little is known about the problems and potential of natural populations, or the role of natural seaweed beds in the tropical seascape.This thesis aims to investigate the spread of non-native genetic strains of the tropical macroalga Eucheuma denticulatum, which have been intentionally introduced for seaweed farming purposes in East Africa, and to evaluate the state of the genetically distinct but morphologically similar native populations. Additionally it aims to investigate the ecological role of seaweed beds in terms of the habitat utilization by fish and mobile invertebrate epifauna. The thesis also aims to evaluate the potential of native populations of eucheumoid seaweeds in regard to seaweed farming.The initial results showed that non-native E. denticulatum is the dominating form of wild eucheumoid, not only in areas in close proximity to seaweed farms, but also in areas where farming has never occurred, while native eucheumoids are now scarce (Paper I). The low frequency of native E. denticulatum in seaweed beds, coupled with a low occurrence of reproductive structures, indicates that the effective population size may be low, which in turn may be a threat under changing environmental conditions. These results, combined with indications that seaweeds may be declining in East Africa, illustrates the need for attaining a better understanding of the ecological role of tropical seaweed habitats. The studies on the faunal communities of seaweed beds showed that they are species rich habitats, with high abundances of juvenile fish and mobile epifauna (Paper II and III), strongly indicating that these habitats should be considered for future seascape studies and management actions. Productivity in East African seaweed farming is decreasing, and as the current cultivation is based on a single non-indigenous haplotype, a more diverse genetic base has been suggested as a means to achieve a more productive and sustainable seaweed farming. Although our results show that East African E. denticulatum has a lower growth rate than the currently used cultivar (Paper IV), the several native haplotypes that are present in wild populations illustrates that, though a demanding endeavour, there is potential for strain selection within native populations.
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