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| 2. |
- Adcox, K, et al.
(author)
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PHENIX detector overview
- 2003
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In: Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research. Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors, and Associated Equipment. - 0167-5087. ; 499:2-3, s. 469-479
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The PHENIX detector is designed to perform a broad study of A-A, p-A, and p-p collisions to investigate nuclear matter under extreme conditions. A wide variety of probes, sensitive to all timescales, are used to study systematic variations with species and energy as well as to measure the spin structure of the nucleon. Designing for the needs of the heavy-ion and polarized-proton programs has produced a detector with unparalleled capabilities. PHENIX measures electron and muon pairs, photons, and hadrons with excellent energy and momentum resolution. The detector consists of a large number of subsystems that are discussed in other papers in this volume. The overall design parameters of the detector are presented. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 3. |
- Andersson, Eva Ingeborg Elisabeth, 1956, et al.
(author)
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Energy Efficient upgrading of Biofuel Integrated with a Pulp Mill
- 2003
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In: Proceedings of ECOS 2003, Copenhagen, Denmark. - 1404-7098.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper presents and evaluates different energy-efficient options for integrating drying and pelletising of biofuel with a modem energy-efficient pulp mill process. When drying biofuel, a large amount of the heat input can often be recovered. One option for heat recovery is to cover low temperature heat demand in the pulping process. Alternatively available excess heat from the pulp mill can be used for drying. Both alternatives will contribute to a better energy efficiency for the combined pulp mill and biofuel upgrading facility. Pinch analysis tools can be used to estimate the excess heat potential at different temperature levels in the pulp mill. Three different technologies for pulp mill integrated biofuel drying were retained for the study, namely steam drying, flue gas drying and vacuum drying. The different technologies are evaluated on the basis of energy usage, global CO2 emissions and resulting pellets production cost, using stand-alone pellets production as a reference. The pulp mill assumed for the calculations is the Eco-Cyclic reference pulp mill. The results of the study indicate that the most attractive integrated drying technology option is the flue gas dryer, using flue gases from the black liquor boiler. With the available flue gas stream at the reference pulp mill, a potential pellets production of 70 000 tonnes/yr could be achieved at a cost of 24.6 €/tonne. The associated reduction in CO, emissions compared to stand-alone pellets production is 31-36 kg/MWhpellets.
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| 4. |
- Andersson, Eva Ingeborg Elisabeth, 1956, et al.
(author)
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Pulp-mill integrated biorefineries: a framework for assessing net CO2 emission consequences
- 2004
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In: Proceedings, AIChE 2004 Fall Annual Meeting. Nov 7-12, 2004, Austin, Texas, USA. ; , s. p 203-208, s. 203-208
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- There is currently much interest in producing biofuel-based transportation fuels. However, since biofuel is a limited renewable resource, it is important to assess whether such fuels are both produced and used as efficiently as possible. Efficient production can be achieved in the future by integrated biorefinery operations at pulp mill sites, co-producing pulp and biofuel-based energy products. This paper compares production of transportation fuel with other biorefinery options for future pulp mills. The comparison is based on net CO2 emissions, i.e. accounting for off-site consequences associated with changes in the net flows of electricity, biofuel and biofuel-based transportation fuel entering or leaving the mill. The most important conclusion is that system variables (e.g. assumptions regarding the reference fuel and engine efficiency for future transportation systems) are of decisive importance for the net CO2 emissions associated with pulp mill biorefinery operations. This paper illustrates such aspects and underlines the importance of a system perspective in process engineering research.
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| 5. |
- Andersson, Eva Ingeborg Elisabeth, 1956, et al.
(author)
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System analysis of hydrogen production from gasified black liquor
- 2004
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In: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Efficiency, Cost,Optimization, Simulation and Environmental Impact of Energy and Process Systems, ECOS 2004, Guanajuato, Mexico July 7-9, 2004 , Edited. by R. Rivero et al.. - 9684890273 ; , s. pp 1435-1445
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Hydrogen produced from renewable biofuel is both clean and CO2 neutral. This paper evaluates energy and global CO2 emissions consequences of integration of hydrogen production from gasified black liquor in a chemical pulp mill. A model of hydrogen production from gasified black liquor was developed and integration possibilities with the pulp mills energy system were evaluated in order to maximize energy recovery. The potential hydrogen production is 59 000 tonnes per year if integrated with the KAM reference market pulp mill producing 630 000 Air dried tonnes (ADt) pulp/year. Changes of global CO2 emissions associated with modified mill electric power balance, biofuel import and end usage of the produced hydrogen are presented and compared with other uses of gasified black liquor such as electricity production and methanol production. Hydrogen production will result in the greatest reduction of global CO2 emissions and could reduce the Swedish CO2 emissions by 10 % if implemented in all chemical market pulp mills. The associated increases of biofuel and electric power consumption are 5 % and 1.7 %, respectively.
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| 6. |
- Axelsson, Helén, 1971, et al.
(author)
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Potential for Greenhouse Gas Reduction in Industry through Increased Heat Recovery and/or Integration of Combined Heat and Power
- 2003
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In: Applied Thermal Engineering. - 1404-7098. ; 23:1, s. 65-87
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The potential for greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction in industry through process integration measures depends to a great extent on prevailing technical and economic conditions. A step-wise methodology developed at the author's department based on pinch technology was used to analyse how various parameters influence the cost-optimal configuration for the plant's energy system, and the opportunities for costeffective GHG emissions reduction compared to this solution. The potential for reduction of GHG emissions from a given plant depends primarily on the design of the industrial process and its energy system (internal factors) and on the electricity-to-fuel price ratio and the specific GHG emissions from the national power generation system (external factors).
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| 7. |
- Eriksson, Håkan, 1973, et al.
(author)
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Black liquor gasification - consequences for both industry and society
- 2004
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In: Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-5442. ; 29:4, s. 581-612
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The pulp and paper industry consumes large quantities of biofuels to satisfy process requirements. Biomass is however a limited resource, to be used as effectively as possible. Modern pulping operations have excess internal fuels compared to the amounts needed to satisfy process steam demands. The excess fuel is often used for cogeneration of electric power. If market biofuel availability at a reasonable price is limited, import/export to/from a mill however changes the amount of such biofuel available for alternative users. This work compares different mill powerhouse technologies and CHP plant configurations (including conventional recovery boiler technology and black liquor gasification technology) with respect to electric power output from a given fuel resource. Different process steam demand levels for different representative mill types are considered. The comparison accounts for decreased/increased electricity production in an alternative energy system when biofuel is imported/exported to/from the mill. The results show that black liquor gasification is in all cases considered an attractive powerhouse recovery cycle technology. For moderate values of the marginal electric power generation effciency for biofuel exported to the reference alternative energy system, excess mill internal biofuel should be used on mill site for gas turbine based CHP power generation. The remaining excess biofuels in market pulp mills should be exported and used in the reference alternative energy system in this case. For integrated pulp and paper mills, biofuel should be imported, but only for cogeneration usage (i.e. condensing power units should be avoided). If biofuel can be used elsewhere for high effciency CHP power generation, mill internal biofuel should be used exclusively for process heating, and the remainder should be exported.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Eriksson, Håkan, 1973, et al.
(author)
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Efficient use of biomass in black liquor gasification plants
- 2001
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In: The International Recovery Conference, Whistler, Canada, Juni 11-14, 2001. Published in the Conference Poster Presentation proceedings. - 1404-7098. ; , s. 75-80
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The use of biomass in black liquor gasification (BLG) plants was discussed. The configurations with a high electricity output and a high total efficiency based on pulp mills incoming biomass stream were identified. The excess available biofuel was assumed to be exported for use in a direct heating system that replaces natural gas that could be used in a high efficiency combined cycle power plant. The on-site biofuel usage should be limited to the amount needed for back-pressure steam production to cover the mill's heat load.
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| 10. |
- Eriksson, Håkan, 1973, et al.
(author)
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Potential for increased electricity production at an integrated pulp and paper mill with black liquor gasification
- 2001
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In: Proceedings of the 2001 TAPPI Engineering/Finishing and Converting Conference and Trade Fair, San Antonio, 16-20 September 2001. - 1930657838 ; , s. 411-426
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A number of ongoing efforts aim at reducing greenhouse gas emissions from industrial energy systems. This can be achieved through increased biofuel usage. Biofuels are however a limited resource, and their usage must therefore be as efficient as possible. The objective of this study was to identify pulp and paper mill powerhouse configurations with maximal electricity production from a given limited amount of biofuel (black liquor and conventional wood fuels). The configurations investigated include black liquor gasification and conventional Tomlinson recovery boiler systems. The study is based upon a detailed model of the mill's chemical recovery island and a simplified model of the remainder of the mill. In order to satisfy the mill's heat balance, extra biofuel must be imported for most of the configurations considered. The configuration with the highest on-site electricity production (96 MW) includes biofuel gasification and firing in a gas turbine combined cycle unit. However, if biofuel is assumed a limited resource, importing biomass to the mill implies that less biofuel is available for other competing users. The net global electric power production is shown to decrease from 96 MW to 41 MW for the same powerhouse configuration when performance is evaluated in a global perspective.
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