| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
- Bolund Lauenstein, Emma, 1978, et al.
(author)
-
Identifying associations between TCI personality dimensions and PCL-R psychopathy facets in young male offenders
- 2019
-
In: The International Academy of Law and Mental Health (IALMH).
-
Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Background: The psychopathy construct includes prominent maladaptive personality traits and behaviors. One of the most widely used instruments to asses this construct is the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R). However, little empirical evidence exists regarding how this construct, according to PCL-R, can be understood in relation to theories of personality. Aim: To examine the relationships between components of psychopathy according to PCL-R, and personality dimensions as defined by Cloninger’s Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Method: Young violent incarcerated offenders (n = 270) aged 18-25 years were assessed with both PCL R and TCI. A canonical correlation analysis (CCA), a multivariate analysis model, was used to obtain latent covariation between the four components of psychopathy from PCL-R and the seven personality dimensions of TCI to identify the variables that most strongly contributed to an association between these constructs. Results: The CCA resulted in two pairs of significant canonical variates (Rc2 = 0.32 and 0.17), where the full model was significant, Wilk’s λ = 0.51, F(28, 488.17) = 3.61, p < 0.001, indicating that a substantial proportion (i.e., 49 %) of the shared variance between PCL-R and TCI was explained. Overall the latent shared construct between TCI and PCL-R was construed of the temperament dimension Novelty seeking, and the character dimensions Self-directedness and Cooperativeness, and by the psychopathy facets Interpersonal, Lifestyle and Antisocial. Conclusion: Within the present sample, results suggest strong associations between TCI personality dimensions and psychopathy, indicating that psychopathy is possible to describe in more general personality terms. Moreover, the PCL-R psychopathy concept seemed to be more influenced by character than temperament dimensions, a finding important to investigate in future research since character have emerged as susceptible to influence by psychological interventions.
|
|
| 3. |
- Bolund Lauenstein, Emma, 1978, et al.
(author)
-
PERSONALITY and PSYCHOPATHY – Identifying associations between Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) dimensions and PCL-R psychopathy facets in young male offenders
- 2019
-
In: 13th Nordic Symposium on Forensic Psychiatry.
-
Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Personality is a wide concept and how to best capture and describe personality depends on the purpose of the investigation. When to investigate whether an individual has psychopathic features, use of Hare Psychopathic Checklist-Revised (PCL‑R) is common. However, this kind of instrument emphasizes personality traits and socially deviant behaviors which together may form maladaptive characteristics, but leaves other personality traits unspecified. Evidence-based personality assessments recommends to use a comprehensive design, collecting data from multiple theoretical perspectives and data sources to prevent bias and trawling for supporting evidence (Bornstein, 2017). This is especially problematic when it comes to differential diagnosis within personality disorders, due to the considerable overlap of traits between these disorders (Ryder et al., 2007) as well as poor interrater reliability (Kotov et al., 2017). The aim was to investigating the extent of construct overlap between dimensional personality traits according to TCI and psychopathy according to PCL-R among young violent offenders. The study cohort consists of male offenders, aged 18-25 years, convicted for hands-on violent and/or sexual criminality and sentenced to prison in western Sweden between March 2010 and July 2012. The response rate was 71% (n=270, mean age: 22.3 years), and of all these had 148 given valid answers to Cloninger’s Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), while 146had been assessed with the PCL-R. A canonical correlation analysis (CCA) was used to explore how personality traits (TCI) were related to psychopathic traits (PCL-R) in this sample. The CCA entails three steps: 1) zero-order correlations; 2) unique associations based on regression, and 3) investigating the multivariate shared relationship between the different PCL-R facets and TCI-traits with a CCA. The overlap found in the CCA consisted of four functions, but only two were significant. Since only the first two functions were significant only these were interpreted, and shared approximately 49% of the variance. Function 1. Illustrated a conceptual overlap consisting of being intolerant, selfish and vindictive, being practical, distanced, cold and socially insensitive, as well as having a proneness to violate society’s rules and norms and the propensity for unethical behaviour. Function 2. Illustrated a conceptual overlap consisting of being superficially charming, grandiose, having an inflated ego and being voluble, deceitful and manipulative but also being grounded, strong, determined, purposeful, bold and exploratory. Both temperamental and character dimensions contributed to the observed overlap with psychopathy, of which Harm Avoidance and Novelty Seeking stood out among the former and Cooperativeness and Self-Directedness among the latter. However, compared to the considerably larger overlap found between personality disorders (DSM-IV-TR) and PCL-R facets (89%, see Daver, 2018), the results imply that a broader and not only pathological focus when assessing personality can contribute with important information. The results supports the importance of a broad focus in personality assessments, and to use a dimensional approach when describing personality features. The former can lead to a more complete picture of the assessed person, and the latter to a more versatile interpretation. Together, it can diminish stigma and may open up for more treatment options.
|
|
| 4. |
- Hildebrand Karlén, Malin, 1984, et al.
(author)
-
Alcohol intoxicated eyewitnesses’ memory of intimate partner violence
- 2015
-
In: Psychology, Crime and Law. - 1068-316X. ; 21:2, s. 156-171
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Alcohol affects memory in many, and mostly negative, ways. This is a problem in legal contexts as many witnesses are alcohol intoxicated when taking part of the critical event. However, research is sparse regarding how, and under what circumstances, the reports of alcohol intoxicated witnesses differ from those of sober witnesses. This study investigated if alcohol intoxicated and sober eyewitnesses differ regarding completeness, accuracy, and type of information reported, as well as if gender influenced these variables. Eighty-seven healthy men (n=44) and women (n=43) received either an alcoholic beverage (0.7g/kg) or a control (juice) in a laboratory setting before viewing a film picturing intimate partner violence. Ten minutes after viewing the film, they were interviewed. Reports by alcohol intoxicated women were less complete, but as accurate, as sober women’s. In contrast, intoxicated and sober men did not differ regarding completeness or accuracy. Furthermore, compared to sober women, intoxicated women reported fewer actions but no difference was found between the groups regarding reported objects. At this moderate dose, alcohol affected women’s reports more than men’s, which may be because alcohol affects attention and memory consolidation more clearly at a lower dose for women than for men.
|
|
| 5. |
- Hildebrand Karlén, Malin, 1984, et al.
(author)
-
Alcohol intoxicated witnesses' interpretation of social behavior in intimate partner violence
- 2019
-
In: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0888-4080 .- 1099-0720. ; 33:4, s. 468-479
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Alcohol intoxication affects social information processing, though research is scarce regarding how alcohol affected eyewitnesses' perception of social interaction within an applied forensic context. In the present study, the effects of alcohol intoxication on eyewitnesses' perception of interaction in intimate partner violence (IPV) were investigated. The participants (n=152) were randomized to an experimental (alcohol) or control group (juice). After consumption, they viewed a filmed IPV scenario where both interacting parties were confrontational. Afterwards, they rated the involved parties' behavior. Several behaviors were perceived in a similar manner by intoxicated and sober participants, but intoxicated participants perceived both parties' attacking behaviors and some of the man's prosocial behaviors differently than sober participants. Hence, alcohol affected some, but not all, kinds of social behaviors investigated in the present study. This would be of interest to legal praxis and to future studies on intoxicated witnesses to interpersonal violence.
|
|
| 6. |
- Hildebrand Karlén, Malin, 1984, et al.
(author)
-
Alcohol Intoxicated Witnesses: Perception of Aggression and Guilt in Intimate Partner Violence
- 2017
-
In: Journal of Interpersonal Violence. - : SAGE Publications. - 0886-2605 .- 1552-6518. ; 32:22, s. 3448-3474
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Many witnesses to violent crimes are alcohol intoxicated, but research is lacking regarding how alcohol affects their perception of aggression and guilt. This study investigated to what extent alcohol intoxicated eyewitnesses differed from sober witnesses regarding how aggressive and guilty they perceived the involved parts in an intimate partner violence (IPV) situation. Eighty-seven healthy men (n = 44) and women (n = 43) were randomized to an alcohol group (0.7 g/kg) or a non-alcohol group. In a laboratory setting, alcoholic/non-alcoholic drinks were consumed before viewing a film depicting IPV between a man and a woman. Ten min after viewing, in an interview, the participants rated how aggressive and guilty they perceived the involved parts to be. Alcohol intoxicated participants perceived both parts’ physically aggressive behavior as comparatively less severe, but their neutral behavior as more hostile. Sober witnesses perceived the man to be the most guilty part, whereas intoxicated witnesses distributed guilt more evenly. Alcohol had a strong but complex impact on the perception of aggression in IPV (i.e., heightened during the neutral interaction and lowered during physical aggression). These results may be explained by the cognitive consequences of alcohol’s anxiety-dampening effects. Regarding the asymmetric difference in perceived guilt, stereotypical expectations of gender-appropriate behavior in an IPV situation may need to be considered.
|
|
| 7. |
|
|
| 8. |
- Hildebrand Karlén, Malin, 1984
(author)
-
Interviewing intoxicated witnesses: Memory performance in theory and practice
- 2018
-
In: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0036-5564. ; 59:2, s. 113-126
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Memory encoding and recall involving complex, effortful cognitive processes are impaired by alcohol primarily due to impairment of a select few, but crucial, cortical areas. This review shows how alcohol affects some, but not all, aspects of eyewitnesses' oral free recall performance. The principal results, so far, are that: a) free recall reports by intoxicated witnesses (at the investigated BAC-levels) may contain less, but as accurate, information as reports by sober witnesses; b) immediate reports given by intoxicated witnesses may yield more information compared to reports by sober witnesses given after a one week delay; c) an immediate interview may enhance both intoxicated and sober witnesses' ability to report information in a later interview; and d) reminiscence seems to occur over repeated interviews and the new information seems to be as accurate as the previously reported information. Based on this, recommendations are given for future research to enhance understanding of the multifaceted impact of alcohol on witnesses' oral free recall of violent crimes.
|
|
| 9. |
- Hildebrand Karlén, Malin, 1984, et al.
(author)
-
The devil is not only in the details: gist and detail elaboration in intoxicated witnesses’ reports of interpersonal violence
- 2019
-
In: Psychology, Crime and Law. - 1068-316X .- 1477-2744. ; 25:4, s. 319-344
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The empirical base relating to alcohol’s effects on underlying memory mechanisms among witnesses is sparse. Therefore, the effect of alcohol intoxication on memory mechanisms was investigated, as well as how degree of intoxication and interview delay affected gist and detail elaboration in these witnesses’ reports. Participants (n = 136) were randomized to an alcohol group (men: 0.8 g/kg, women: 0.75 g/kg) (n = 70) or a control group (n = 66), given juice. After consumption, they witnessed an intimate partner violence-scenario, and performed tasks assessing memory mechanisms. Half of the intoxicated and sober groups were interviewed immediately. The remaining participants were interviewed one week later. Inter alia, intoxication decreased total gist recall and elaboration capacity. In general, high intoxication (BAC = 0.08–0.15) made witnesses report fewer gist categories, and also to elaborate them less, but there were differences in gist/detail elaboration between levels of intoxication due to emotional context. Less reported information among intoxicated witnesses was caused both by omitting parts of the scenario and to less detailed elaboration. Emotional context influenced reporting among intoxicated witnesses on a gist and detail level. However, intoxication had less impact on gist/detail-elaboration than did a one week delay before interview, suggesting that witnesses should be interviewed immediately, despite intoxication.
|
|
| 10. |
- Hildebrand Karlén, Malin, 1984, et al.
(author)
-
To wait or not to wait? Improving results when interviewing intoxicated witnesses to violence
- 2017
-
In: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0036-5564. ; 58:1, s. 15-22
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Witnesses to violent crimes are often alcohol intoxicated, but few studies have investigated the impact of alcohol on witness reports. This study investigated how alcohol intoxication and time of interview affected reports of intimate partner violence (IPV). One hundred thirty six healthy men (N = 66) and women (N = 70) were randomized to an alcohol group (0.8g/kg for men, 0.75g/kg for women) (N = 70) or control group (N = 66), given juice. Participants consumed drinks in a laboratory setting before they witnessed an IPV scenario. Fifty percent of the intoxicated and sober participants were interviewed ten minutes after viewing the film and all participants were interviewed one week later. For the analyses, participants in the alcohol group were divided into two groups (moderately/highly intoxicated) based on their BAC-level. Ten minutes after viewing the event, highly (BAC = 0.08-0.15) intoxicated witnesses gave shorter, but as accurate, reports as moderately intoxicated/sober witnesses. All witnesses gave shorter and less accurate reports one week later compared to immediately after. However, an immediate interview increased completeness one week later. In general, time and high intoxication made witnesses give less detailed accounts of actions and verbal information, but not of objects. Highly intoxicated witnesses reported less actions and verbal information in all interviews, while information regarding objects was reported to a similar extent. At the present BAC-level, it is beneficial to conduct an immediate free recall interview with intoxicated witnesses to obtain a maximum amount of correct information and minimize the negative effect of time.
|
|
