| 1. |
- Bergvall, A H, et al.
(author)
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In quest for a possible association between heightened social aggression and excessive alcohol drinking in the rat.
- 1996
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In: Physiology & behavior. - 0031-9384. ; 59:4-5, s. 807-12
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Many clinical studies show that a sizeable proportion of male alcoholics are also inclined to act violently and aggressively. Given this association in humans, we asked whether a relationship exists between ethanol intake and aggressive behaviour in laboratory rats. In a first test of the hypothesis, we measured ethanol intake in male rats made aggressive by periodic contacts with sexually active females. Although the males became significantly more aggressive, there was no concomitant enhancement of alcohol consumption. In another experiment, observations of ethanol drinking in lactating rats exhibiting maternal aggression revealed no alteration in ethanol intake relative to nonlactating control females. However, because water intake was substantially elevated in the maternal rats, there was a net decrease in ethanol preference. The final experiment examined aggressiveness in chronically food-restricted male rats. In line with previous studies, this procedure increased ethanol drinking, but it did not enhance aggressive behaviour. It is concluded that, in our rats, there is no apparent association between the level of social aggression and the voluntary intake of ethanol in a two-bottle choice paradigm. The possibility remains, though, that alcohol drinking is better related to other forms of aggression, such as defensive or predatory aggression.
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| 2. |
- Dalemo, M., et al.
(author)
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ORWARE – A simulation model for organic waste handling systems. : Part 1: Model description
- 1997
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In: Resources, Conservation and Recycling. - 0921-3449 .- 1879-0658. ; 21:1, s. 17-37
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A simulation model, ORWARE (ORganic WAste REsearch), for the handling of organic waste in urban areas has been constructed. The model provides a comprehensive view of the environmental effects, plant nutrient utilisation and energy turnover for this large and complex system. The ORWARE model consists of several sub-models; sewage plant, incineration, landfill, compost, anaerobic digestion, truck transport, transport by sewers, residue transport and spreading of residues on arable land. The model is intended for simulating different scenarios, and the results are: emissions to air and water, energy turnover and the amount of residues returned to arable land. All results are presented, both as the gross figure for the entire system and figures for each process. Throughout the model all physical flows are described by the same variable vector, consisting of 43 substances. This extensive vector facilitates a thorough analysis of the results, but involves some difficulties in acquiring relevant data. In this paper, the model is described. Results from a hypothetical case study are presented in a companion paper.
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| 3. |
- Jacobsson, C., et al.
(author)
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Jet identification based on probability calculations using Bayes' theorem
- 1995
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In: Physical Review D (Particles and Fields). - 0556-2821. ; 52:1, s. 162-174
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The problem of identifying jets at CERN LEP and DESY HERA is studied. Identification using jet energies and fragmentation properties is treated separately in order to investigate the degree of quark-gluon separation that can be achieved by either of these approaches. In the case of the fragmentation-based identification, a neural network is used, and a test of the dependence on the jet production process and the fragmentation model is done. Instead of working with the separation variables directly, these are used to calculate probabilities of having a specific type of jet, according to Bayes’ theorem. This offers a direct interpretation of the performance of the jet identification and provides a simple means of combining the results of the energy- and fragmentation-based identifications.
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| 4. |
- Johannesson, Magnus, et al.
(author)
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The cost effectiveness of lipid lowering in Swedish primary health care
- 1996
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In: Journal of internal medicine. - : Blackwell Science Ltd. - 1365-2796 .- 0954-6820. ; 240:1, s. 23-29
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective. To evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of two types of advice (usual and intensive) to lower cardiovascular risk, with or without pharmacological medication aimed at lowering cholesterol levels. Design. Prospective, randomized, controlled clinical study of 18 months' duration. Setting. Thirty‐two primary health care centres in Sweden. Subjects. A total of 384 males, aged 30–59 years, with at least one cardiovascular risk factor in addition to moderate primary hyperlipidaemia; of these, 355 completed the 18‐month follow‐up. Interventions. Intensive advice consisted of group sessions led by a health care professional; the usual level of advice was given at follow‐up visits. The pharmacological intervention consisted of pravastatin. The goal was to achieve a 15% reduction in cholesterol. Main outcome measures. Cost per life‐year gained based on the change in serum cholesterol and the net intervention cost of the four treatment options. Results. The usual level of advice and intensive advice in combination with pharmacological treatment achieved no incremental effects and were not considered in the cost‐effectiveness analysis. The cost per life‐year gained of pharmacological treatment compared with intensive advice decreased. The cost per life‐year gained of pharmacological treatment compared with no treatment was about $61 000, if no adverse consequences on noncardiovascular mortality were assumed. Conclusions. According to the results of the CELL trial, intensive advice is not a cost‐effective strategy compared with lipid‐lowering drug treatment. However, it is also doubtful whether drug treatment as primary prevention is cost‐effective compared with no treatment in the studied patient population.
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| 8. |
- Kechagias, Stergios, 1969-, et al.
(author)
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Reliability of breath-alcohol analysis in individuals with gastroesophageal reflux disease
- 1999
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In: Journal of Forensic Sciences. - 0022-1198 .- 1556-4029. ; 44:4, s. 814-818
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is widespread in the population among all age groups and in both sexes. The reliability of breath alcohol analysis in subjects suffering from GERD is unknown. We investigated the relationship between breath-alcohol concentration (BrAC) and blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) in 5 male and 5 female subjects all suffering from severe gastroesophageal reflux disease and scheduled for antireflux surgery. Each subject served in two experiments in random order about 1-2 weeks apart. Both times they drank the same dose of ethanol (~0.3 g/kg) as either beer, white wine, or vodka mixed with orange juice before venous blood and end-expired breath samples were obtained at 5-10 min intervals for 4 h. Ah attempt was made to provoke gastroesophageal reflux in one of the drinking experiments by applying an abdominal compression belt, Blood-ethanol concentration was determined by headspace gas chromatography and breath-ethanol was measured with an electrochemical instrument (Alcolmeter SD-400) of a quantitative infrared analyzer (Data-Master). During the absorption of alcohol, which occurred during the first 90 min after the start of drinking, BrAC (mg/210 L) tended to be the same of higher than venous BAC (mg/dL). In the post-peak phase, the BAC al ways exceeded BrAC. Four of the 10 subjects definitely experienced gastric reflux during the study although this did not result in widely deviant BrAC readings compared with BAC when sampling occurred at 5- min intervals. We conclude that the risk of alcohol erupting from the stomach into the mouth owing to gastric reflux and falsely increasing the result of an evidential breath-alcohol test is highly improbable.
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| 10. |
- Larsson, L-G, et al.
(author)
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Symptoms related to snoring and sleep apnoea in subjects with chronic bronchitis : report from the Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden study
- 1997
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In: Respiratory Medicine. - 0954-6111 .- 1532-3064. ; 91:1, s. 5-12
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- To assess the relationship between chronic bronchitis and obstructive sleep apnoea, a postal survey was performed. A postal questionnaire was sent to 523 subjects identified as having chronic bronchitis or long-standing cough and sputum production in the Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden Study I (OLIN I). In 1986-88, all 6610 adults born in 1919-20, 1934-35 and 1949-50 living in representative areas in Northern Sweden were screened for airway diseases according to different methods. A random sample of healthy adults identified in the screening were chosen as references (n = 625). Subjects were asked about a variety of airway symptoms, smoking habits and symptoms related to obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS). In the bronchitic group, 20% did not report bronchitic symptoms in the present study, and 26% of the formerly healthy reference group reported at least one bronchitic symptom in the present study. Snoring, apnoea and liability to 'nod off' during activity were much more common in the bronchitic group in both men and women, and most common in men, as expected. Snoring was reported by 29% of the men in the bronchitic group and by 14% in the reference group. In women, the corresponding figures were 14 and 8%, respectively, and for apnoea, the figures were 25 vs. 11% in men and 6 vs. 4% in women. The prevalence of OSAS symptoms was similar in subjects with attacks of breathlessness, long-standing cough, sputum production and recurrent wheezing. Bronchitic symptoms may influence quality of sleep and contribute to daytime tiredness, but this does not fully explain the high prevalence of snoring and apnoea reported by subjects in this cohort. This study indicates a positive correlation between chronic bronchitis and OSAS, but sleep studies are required to confirm this
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