| 1. |
- Kádas, Krisztina, et al.
(author)
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AlM2B2 (M = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) : a group of nanolaminated materials
- 2017
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In: Journal of Physics. - : Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP). - 0953-8984 .- 1361-648X. ; 29:15
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Combining theory with experiments, we study the phase stability, elastic properties, electronic structure and hardness of layered ternary borides AlCr2B2, AlMn2B2, AlFe2B2, AlCo2B2, and AlNi2B2. We find that the first three borides of this series are stable phases, while AlCo2B2 and AlNi2B2 are metastable. We show that the elasticity increases in the boride series, and predict that AlCr2B2, AlMn2B2, and AlFe2B2 are more brittle, while AlCo2B2 and AlNi2B2 are more ductile. We propose that the elasticity of AlFe2B2 can be improved by alloying it with cobalt or nickel, or a combination of them. We present evidence that these ternary borides represent nanolaminated systems. Based on SEM measurements, we demonstrate that they exhibit the delamination phenomena, which leads to a reduced hardness compared to transition metal mono-and diborides. We discuss the background of delamination by analyzing chemical bonding and theoretical work of separation in these borides.
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| 2. |
- Braceras, Inigo, et al.
(author)
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On the electro-tribological properties and degradation resistance of silver-aluminum coatings
- 2018
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In: Wear. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA. - 0043-1648 .- 1873-2577. ; 414, s. 202-211
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Contact materials in sliding electrical applications must possess low electrical contact resistance, low friction and wear coefficients, and high degradation resistance to the surrounding media. Silver coatings are commonly used in such applications despite their shortcomings. This work has focused on the study of alternative silver-aluminum coatings deposited by PVD. The main findings include the strong dependence of the tribological performance on the concentration of Al and hence the phases present in the coatings. Besides, the wear mechanism was found to be affected by the working media, either on air or insulating oil. Results have shown that for full HCP phase coatings (Ag67Al33), wear rates are lowest, with no adhesive wear and good surface sulphidation resistance, though with some proclivity to oxidation, coupled with a moderate increase in the electrical contact resistance.
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| 3. |
- Cedervall, Johan, et al.
(author)
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Magnetic and mechanical effects of Mn substitutions in AlFe2B2
- 2019
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In: Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-8853 .- 1873-4766. ; 482, s. 54-60
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The mechanical and magnetic properties of the newly discovered MAB-phase class of materials based upon AlFe2B2 were investigated. The samples were synthesised from stoichiometric amounts of all constituent elements. X-ray diffraction shows that the main phase is orthorhombic with an elongated b-axis, similar to AlFe2B2. The low hardness and visual inspection of the samples after deformation indicate that these compounds are deformed via a delamination process. When substituting iron in AlFe2B2 with manganese, the magnetism in the system goes from being ferro- to antiferromagnetic via a disordered ferrimagnetic phase exhibited by AlFeMnB2. Density functional theory calculations indicate a weakening of the magnetic interactions among the transitions metal ions as iron is substituted by manganese in AlFe2B2. The Mn-Mn exchange interactions in AlMn2B2 are found to be very small.
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| 4. |
- Fritze, Stefan, et al.
(author)
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Hard and crack resistant carbon supersaturated refractory nanostructured multicomponent coatings
- 2018
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In: Scientific Reports. - : NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP. - 2045-2322. ; 8
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The combination of ceramic hardness with high crack resistance is a major challenge in the design of protective thin films. High entropy alloys have shown in earlier studies promising mechanical properties with a potential use as thin film materials. In this study, we show that small amounts of carbon in magnetron-sputtered multicomponent CrNbTaTiW films can lead to a significant increase in hardness. The film properties were strongly dependent on the metal composition and the most promising results were observed for TaW-rich films. They crystallised in a bcc structure with a strong (110) texture and coherent grain boundaries. It was possible to deposit films with 8 at.% C in a supersaturated solid-solution into the bcc structure without carbide formation. A major effect of carbon was a significant grain refinement, reducing the column diameter from approximately 35 to 10 nm. This resulted in an increase in hardness from 14.7 to 19.1 GPa while the reduced E-modulus stayed constant at 322 GPa. The carbon-containing films exhibited extremely little plastic deformation around the indent and no cracks were observed. These results show that supersaturation of carbon into high entropy films can be a promising concept to combine superior hardness with high crack resistance.
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| 5. |
- Fritze, Stefan, et al.
(author)
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Influence of Deposition Temperature on the Phase Evolution of HfNbTiVZr High-Entropy Thin Films
- 2019
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In: Materials. - : MDPI. - 1996-1944. ; 12:4
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this study, we show that the phase formation of HfNbTiVZr high-entropy thin films is strongly influenced by the substrate temperature. Films deposited at room temperature exhibit an amorphous microstructure and are 6.5 GPa hard. With increasing substrate temperature (room temperature to 275 degrees C), a transition from an amorphous to a single-phased body-centred cubic (bcc) solid solution occurs, resulting in a hardness increase to 7.9 GPa. A higher deposition temperature (450 degrees C) leads to the formation of C14 or C15 Laves phase precipitates in the bcc matrix and a further enhancement of mechanical properties with a peak hardness value of 9.2 GPa. These results also show that thin films follow different phase formation pathways compared to HfNbTiVZr bulk alloys.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Holmberg, Max, et al.
(author)
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On Surface Losses in Direct Metal Laser Sintering Printed Millimeter and Submillimeter Waveguides
- 2018
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In: Journal of Infrared, Millimeter and Terahertz Waves. - : SPRINGER. - 1866-6892 .- 1866-6906. ; 39:6, s. 535-545
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Different lengths of WR3 (220-330 GHz) and WR10 (75-110 GHz) waveguides are fabricated through direct metal laser sintering (DMLS). The losses in these waveguides are measured and modelled using the Huray surface roughness model. The losses in WR3 are around 0.3 dB/mm and in WR10 0.05 dB/mm. The Huray equation model is accounting relatively good for the attenuation in the WR10 waveguide but deviates more in the WR3 waveguide. The model is compared to finite element simulations of the losses assuming an approximate surface structure similar to the resulting one from the DMLS process.
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| 8. |
- Jansson, Ulf, 1960-, et al.
(author)
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Carbon-containing multi-component thin films
- 2019
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In: Thin Solid Films. - : Elsevier BV. - 0040-6090 .- 1879-2731. ; 688
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- High entropy alloys (HEAs) have been a hot research area for many years. They are solid solutions of at least five elements in approximately equimolar compositions. The HEAs are assumed to be stabilized by a high entropy of mixing favouring a solid solution phase instead of a mixture of intermetallic phases. The importance of entropy of mixing and the true nature of HEAs are debated but the concept has contributed to an interesting development of new alloys. They idea of stabilizing solid solutions with many elements have recently been expanded to nitrides, borides, oxides and carbides. Furthermore, a growing number of thin film studies of these compounds are now published. In this paper we summarise recent results from studies of carbon-containing multi-component thin films based on the HEA concept. We will summarise some general observations connected to "high-entropy" materials. We also describe some general trends in metal-carbon interactions for transition metals and discuss how they should influence the formation of multi-component carbides. A summary of results on bulk multi-component carbide materials is also presented. We review published studies of carbon-containing multi-component thin films mainly deposited with magnetron-sputtering. The crystal structure, microstructure and properties of these films are described. Finally, we highlight some interesting topics for future research.
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| 9. |
- Karlsson, Dennis, et al.
(author)
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Binder jetting of the AlCoCrFeNi alloy
- 2019
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In: Additive Manufacturing. - : Elsevier. - 2214-8604 .- 2214-7810. ; 27, s. 72-79
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- High density components of an AlCoCrFeNi alloy, often described as a high-entropy alloy, were manufactured by binder jetting followed by sintering. Thermodynamic calculations using the CALPHAD approach show that the high-entropy alloy is only stable as a single phase in a narrow temperature range below the melting point. At all other temperatures, the alloy will form a mixture of phases, including a sigma phase, which can strongly influence the mechanical properties. The phase stabilities in built AlCoCrFeNi components were investigated by comparing the as-sintered samples with the post-sintering annealed samples at temperatures between 900 °C and 1300 °C. The as-sintered material shows a dominant B2/bcc structure with additional fcc phase in the grain boundaries and sigma phase precipitating in the grain interior. Annealing experiments between 1000 °C and 1100 °C inhibit the sigma phase and only a B2/bcc phase with a fcc phase is observed. Increasing the temperature further suppresses the fcc phase in favor for the B2/bcc phases. The mechanical properties are, as expected, dependent on the annealing temperature, with the higher annealing temperature giving an increase in yield strength from 1203 MPa to 1461 MPa and fracture strength from 1996 MPa to 2272 MPa. This can be explained by a hierarchical microstructure with nano-sized precipitates at higher annealing temperatures. The results enlighten the importance of microstructure control, which can be utilized in order to tune the mechanical properties of these alloys. Furthermore, an excellent oxidation resistance was observed with oxide layers with a thickness of less than 5 μm after 20 h annealing at 1200 °C, which would be of great importance for industrial applications.
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| 10. |
- Karlsson, Dennis, et al.
(author)
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Elemental segregation in an AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy : A comparison between selective laser melting and induction melting
- 2019
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In: Journal of Alloys and Compounds. - : Elsevier BV. - 0925-8388 .- 1873-4669. ; 784, s. 195-203
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Additive manufacturing of a high-entropy alloy, AlCoCrFeNi, was studied with selective laser melting from gas atomized powder. A wide process parameter window in the SLM process was investigated but it was impossible to produce crack-free samples, attributed to stresses that originate during the building processes. The microstructure and elemental segregation in the SLM samples were compared with induction-melted AlCoCrFeNi. The induction-melted sample crystallizes in randomly oriented large grains (several hundred microns). Dendritic and inter-dendritic areas with slightly different chemical composition can be observed. Within these areas a spinodal decomposition occurs with a separation into FeCr- and NiAl-rich domains. Further spinodal decomposition within the FeCr-rich regions into Cr- and Fe-rich domains was observed by atom probe tomography.In contrast, the SLM-samples crystallizes in much smaller grains (less than 20 μm) with a dendrite-like substructure. These dendrite-like features exhibit distinct chemical fluctuations on the nm-scale. During annealing more pronounced chemical fluctuations and the formation of Cr-rich and Cr-poor regions can be observed. The difference in microstructure and spinodal decomposition between the induction-melted and SLM samples is attributed to the significantly higher cooling rate for SLM. This study shows that, by using different synthesis pathways, it is possible to modify the microstructure and segregation of element within alloys. This can be used to tune the materials properties, if the cracking behavior is handled e.g. by change of alloy composition to minimize phase transformations or use of a heating stage.
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