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- Agostoni, Angelo, et al.
(author)
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Hereditary and acquired angioedema: problems and progress: proceedings of the third C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency workshop and beyond
- 2004
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In: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1097-6825 .- 0091-6749. ; 114:3 Suppl, s. 51-131
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Hereditary angioedema (HAE), a rare but life-threatening condition, manifests as acute attacks of facial, laryngeal, genital, or peripheral swelling or abdominal pain secondary to intra-abdominal edema. Resulting from mutations affecting C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-INH), inhibitor of the first complement system component, attacks are not histamine-mediated and do not respond to antihistamines or corticosteroids. Low awareness and resemblance to other disorders often delay diagnosis; despite availability of C1-INH replacement in some countries, no approved, safe acute attack therapy exists in the United States. The biennial C1 Esterase Inhibitor Deficiency Workshops resulted from a European initiative for better knowledge and treatment of HAE and related diseases. This supplement contains work presented at the third workshop and expanded content toward a definitive picture of angioedema in the absence of allergy. Most notably, it includes cumulative genetic investigations; multinational laboratory diagnosis recommendations; current pathogenesis hypotheses; suggested prophylaxis and acute attack treatment, including home treatment; future treatment options; and analysis of patient subpopulations, including pediatric patients and patients whose angioedema worsened during pregnancy or hormone administration. Causes and management of acquired angioedema and a new type of angioedema with normal C1-INH are also discussed. Collaborative patient and physician efforts, crucial in rare diseases, are emphasized. This supplement seeks to raise awareness and aid diagnosis of HAE, optimize treatment for all patients, and provide a platform for further research in this rare, partially understood disorder.
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- Niclas, Solin, et al.
(author)
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Control of the Regioselectivity in Catalytic Transformations Involving Amphiphilic Bis-allylpalladium Intermediates : Mechanism and Synthetic Applications
- 2001
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In: Journal of Organic Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0022-3263 .- 1520-6904. ; 66:5, s. 1686-1693
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Various dialkyl-substituted allyl chloride derivatives (2d−i) undergo regioselective palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions with allylstannanes (1a,b) and benzylidenemalonitrile (4), providing functionalized 1,7-octadienes in good yield. The catalytic reaction proceeds through an unsymmetrical amphiphilic bis-allylpalladium intermediate. An introductory electrophilic attack on the terminal position of the unsubstituted allyl moiety is followed by a nucleophilic attack on the alkyl-substituted allyl ligand. A theoretical analysis was performed by applying density functional theory at the B3PW91/DZ+P level to study the substituent effects on the electrophilic attack. According to the theoretical results, the high regioselectivity can be ascribed to the electronic effects of the alkyl substituents: The terminal alkyl groups destabilize the η1,η3-bis-allylpalladium intermediate of the reaction; in addition, the alkyl substitution increases the activation barrier for the electrophilic attack.
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| 7. |
- Niclas, Solin, et al.
(author)
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Mechanism of the η3-η1-η3 Isomerization in Allylpalladium Complexes : Solvent Coordination, Ligand, and Substituent Effects
- 2001
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In: Organometallics. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0276-7333 .- 1520-6041. ; 20, s. 5464-5471
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The mechanism of the η3 → η1 → η3 isomerization of (η3-allyl)palladium complexes occurring as catalytic intermediates in important synthetic transformations has been studied by applying density functional theory at the B3PW91(DZ+P) level. It was found that under catalytic conditions, in the condensed phase, the isomerization process involves tetracoordinated (η1-allyl)palladium intermediates. In these intermediates a solvent molecule or another ancillary ligand coordinates to palladium. The stability of the (η1-allyl)palladium intermediates critically depends on the electronic effects and on the coordination ability of the solvent molecules and the ancillary ligands. The theoretical calculations indicate a dσ → π* type hyperconjugative interaction occurring in the η1-allyl moiety of the intermediary complexes. These hyperconjugative interactions influence the structure of the complexes and the activation barrier to rotation through the C1−C2 bond. Alkyl substitution of the metalated carbon leads to destabilization of the (η1-allyl)palladium complexes, which increases the activation energy of the syn/anti isomerization process. This substituent effect arises from a dual steric and electronic destabilizing interaction between the methyl substituent and the metal atom.
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| 10. |
- Solin, Niclas, et al.
(author)
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Palladium-catalyzed Tandem Bis-allylation of Isocyanates
- 2001
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In: Organic Letters. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1523-7060 .- 1523-7052. ; 3:6, s. 909-912
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A tandem bis-allylation of p-toluenesulfonyl isocyanate can be achieved by palladium-catalyzed three-component coupling reaction with allylstannanes and allyl chlorides. A high level of regioselectivity can be obtained by the appropriate choice of the allylic substituents. The reaction mechanism and the regiochemistry of the reaction can be explained by formation of an amphoteric bis-allylpalladium intermediate. This bis-allylpalladium intermediate undergoes an initial electrophilic attack on one of the allyl moieties followed by a nucleophilic attack on the other.
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