| 1. |
- Beal, Jacob, et al.
(author)
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Robust estimation of bacterial cell count from optical density
- 2020
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In: Communications Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2399-3642. ; 3:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Optical density (OD) is widely used to estimate the density of cells in liquid culture, but cannot be compared between instruments without a standardized calibration protocol and is challenging to relate to actual cell count. We address this with an interlaboratory study comparing three simple, low-cost, and highly accessible OD calibration protocols across 244 laboratories, applied to eight strains of constitutive GFP-expressing E. coli. Based on our results, we recommend calibrating OD to estimated cell count using serial dilution of silica microspheres, which produces highly precise calibration (95.5% of residuals <1.2-fold), is easily assessed for quality control, also assesses instrument effective linear range, and can be combined with fluorescence calibration to obtain units of Molecules of Equivalent Fluorescein (MEFL) per cell, allowing direct comparison and data fusion with flow cytometry measurements: in our study, fluorescence per cell measurements showed only a 1.07-fold mean difference between plate reader and flow cytometry data.
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| 2. |
- Conley, Robert B., et al.
(author)
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Secondary Fracture Prevention : Consensus Clinical Recommendations from a Multistakeholder Coalition
- 2020
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In: Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma. - 0890-5339. ; 34:4, s. 125-141
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Osteoporosis-related fractures are undertreated, due in part to misinformation about recommended approaches to patient care and discrepancies among treatment guidelines. To help bridge this gap and improve patient outcomes, the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research assembled a multistakeholder coalition to develop clinical recommendations for the optimal prevention of secondary fractureamong people aged 65 years and older with a hip or vertebral fracture. The coalition developed 13 recommendations (7 primary and 6 secondary) strongly supported by the empirical literature. The coalition recommends increased communication with patients regarding fracture risk, mortality and morbidity outcomes, and fracture risk reduction. Risk assessment (including fall history) should occur at regular intervals with referral to physical and/or occupational therapy as appropriate. Oral, intravenous, andsubcutaneous pharmacotherapies are efficaciousandcanreduce risk of future fracture.Patientsneededucation,however, about thebenefitsandrisks of both treatment and not receiving treatment. Oral bisphosphonates alendronate and risedronate are first-line options and are generally well tolerated; otherwise, intravenous zoledronic acid and subcutaneous denosumab can be considered. Anabolic agents are expensive butmay be beneficial for selected patients at high risk.Optimal duration of pharmacotherapy is unknown but because the risk for second fractures is highest in the earlypost-fractureperiod,prompt treatment is recommended.Adequate dietary or supplemental vitaminDand calciumintake shouldbe assured. Individuals beingtreatedfor osteoporosis shouldbe reevaluated for fracture risk routinely, includingvia patienteducationabout osteoporosisandfracturesandmonitoringfor adverse treatment effects.Patients shouldbestronglyencouraged to avoid tobacco, consume alcohol inmoderation atmost, and engage in regular exercise and fall prevention strategies. Finally, referral to endocrinologists or other osteoporosis specialists may be warranted for individuals who experience repeated fracture or bone loss and those with complicating comorbidities (eg, hyperparathyroidism, chronic kidney disease).
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| 3. |
- Conley, Robert B., et al.
(author)
-
Secondary Fracture Prevention : Consensus Clinical Recommendations from a Multistakeholder Coalition
- 2020
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In: Orthopaedic Nursing. - 0744-6020. ; 39:3, s. 145-161
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Osteoporosis-related fractures are undertreated, due in part to misinformation about recommended approaches to patient care and discrepancies among treatment guidelines. To help bridge this gap and improve patient outcomes, the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research assembled a multistakeholder coalition to develop clinical recommendations for the optimal prevention of secondary fracture among people aged 65 years and older with a hip or vertebral fracture. The coalition developed 13 recommendations (7 primary and 6 secondary) strongly supported by the empirical literature. The coalition recommends increased communication with patients regarding fracture risk, mortality and morbidity outcomes, and fracture risk reduction. Risk assessment (including fall history) should occur at regular intervals with referral to physical and/or occupational therapy as appropriate. Oral, intravenous, and subcutaneous pharmacotherapies are efficacious and can reduce risk offuture fracture. Patients need education, however, about the benefits and risks of both treatment and not receiving treatment. Oral bisphosphonates alendronate and risedronate are first-line options and are generally well tolerated; otherwise, intravenous zoledronic acid and subcutaneous denosumab can be considered. Anabolic agents are expensive but may be beneficial for selected patients at high risk. Optimal duration of pharmacotherapy is unknown but because the riskfor second fractures is highest in the early post-fracture period, prompt treatment is recommended. Adequate dietary or supplemental vitamin D and calcium intake should be assured. Individuals being treated for osteoporosis should be reevaluated for fracture risk routinely, including via patient education about osteoporosis and fractures and monitoring foradverse treatment effects. Patients should be strongly encouraged to avoid tobacco, consume alcohol in moderation at most, and engage in regular exercise and fall prevention strategies. Finally, referral to endocrinologists or other osteoporosis specialists may be warranted for individuals who experience repeated fracture or bone loss and those with complicating comorbidities (eg, hyperparathyroidism, chronic kidney disease). (c) 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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| 4. |
- Florida, Richard, et al.
(author)
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Housing costs, self-employment, and fertility
- 2021
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In: Population, Space and Place. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1544-8444 .- 1544-8452. ; 27:3
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The decline in fertility across advanced nations is a well-known fact. Becker famously argued that declining rates of childbirth were the by-product of higher levels of economic development and human capital. Recently, it has been suggested that two additional factors might lead to declining rates of childbirth—the higher housing costs of expensive cities and the change in the nature of work and employment from more regular and secure full-time work to less secure arrangements, like self-employment. Our research examines the effect of these two classes of factors—housing costs and self-employment—on fertility, in regard to both the rate of childbirth and the delay in the age at which people have children. We use detailed panel data covering all Swedish individuals in their prime childbearing years (20–45) for the 10-year period 2007–2016. Our findings indicate that the likelihood of having a child is affected negatively by increased housing costs and positively by self-employment. Both result in a delay in the parental age at which children are born. Of the two, self-employment has a relatively large effect.
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| 5. |
- Florida, Richard L., et al.
(author)
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The city as startup machine : The urban underpinnings of modern entrepreneurship
- 2020
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In: Urban Studies and Entrepreneurship. - Cham : Springer. - 9783030151645 - 9783030151638 ; , s. 19-30
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This chapter lays out the connection between urbanism and entrepreneurship. For decades, it was thought that startup activity tended to cluster in suburban office parks or “nerdistans” like those of California’s Silicon Valley. We argue that tech startups are increasingly clustered in large global cities and metro areas and in denser urban neighborhoods or districts within those cities. In effect, the city stands as the organizing unit platform for entrepreneurial activity, bringing together the talent, knowledge, capital, and other assets required for it to occur. To advance this argument, the chapter marries the literatures on entrepreneurship going back to the seminal contributions of Joseph Schumpeter to the theories of urban clustering and dynamic cities associated with Jane Jacobs, Alfred Marshall, and their disciples. It then arrays a variety of empirical evidence on the location of high-tech startup activity to make this case, including data on the concentration of venture capital investment in high-tech startups in large global cities and in dense urban neighborhoods within those large cities. It also discusses the rise of a new segment of high-technology industry, urban tech, which spans new sectors like ride hailing, co-living, co-working, real estate technology, construction technology, and smart city technology, which has made the city not just the platform for but the object of entrepreneurial startup activity.
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| 6. |
- Florida, Richard, et al.
(author)
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Power couples, cities, and wages
- 2022
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In: Environment and planning A. - : Sage Publications. - 0308-518X .- 1472-3409. ; 54:6, s. 1236-1255
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Power couples, defined as pairs of highly educated partners, tend to cluster in cities to take advantage of more developed labor markets, better jobs, and higher wages. This research examines to what extent being a partner in a power couple brings additional wage income benefits. We examine what the effects of power couple partnering is on wage income. Furthermore, we examine how the results are affected by gender and place of residence. To determine this, the research uses detailed Swedish micro data on power couples 23-39 years of age over the period 2007-2016. Our analysis finds positive and significant results from being in a power couple on wage income after controlling for individual, workplace, and geographical characteristics. This is the case for both men and women in power couple households without children, but for women only when children are present. For power couples in denser urban areas, we find a positive effect for men in power couples with or without children. We suggest this effect is due to a more equal "balance of power" between partners in highly educated power couples located in bigger cities, where norms and values may favor a relatively greater sharing of household duties between men and women, and where men face a different competitive situation in the labor market.
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| 7. |
- Florida, Richard, et al.
(author)
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Winner-take-all cities
- 2020
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In: Urban empires. - New York City : Routledge. - 9781138601703 - 9781138601710 - 9780429469978 ; , s. 40-54
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)
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| 8. |
- Galaz, Victor, et al.
(author)
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Artificial intelligence, systemic risks, and sustainability
- 2021
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In: Technology in society. - : Elsevier BV. - 0160-791X .- 1879-3274. ; 67
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Automated decision making and predictive analytics through artificial intelligence, in combination with rapid progress in technologies such as sensor technology and robotics are likely to change the way individuals, communities, governments and private actors perceive and respond to climate and ecological change. Methods based on various forms of artificial intelligence are already today being applied in a number of research fields related to climate change and environmental monitoring. Investments into applications of these technologies in agriculture, forestry and the extraction of marine resources also seem to be increasing rapidly. Despite a growing interest in, and deployment of AI-technologies in domains critical for sustainability, few have explored possible systemic risks in depth. This article offers a global overview of the progress of such technologies in sectors with high impact potential for sustainability like farming, forestry and the extraction of marine resources. We also identify possible systemic risks in these domains including a) algorithmic bias and allocative harms; b) unequal access and benefits; c) cascading failures and external disruptions, and d) trade-offs between efficiency and resilience. We explore these emerging risks, identify critical questions, and discuss the limitations of current governance mechanisms in addressing AI sustainability risks in these sectors.
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| 9. |
- Manasi, Iva, et al.
(author)
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Cationic Micelles in Deep Eutectic Solvents: Effects of Solvent Composition
- 2024
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In: Faraday Discussions. - 1359-6640.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Deep eutectic solvents (DES) are mixtures of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors that form strongly hydrogen-bonded room temperature liquids. Changing the H-bonding components and their ratios can alter the physicochemical properties of deep eutectic solvents (DES). Recent studies have shown p-toluene sulfonic acid (pTSA) forms room temperature liquids with choline chloride (ChCl) at different molar ratios: 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1 [Rodriguez Rodriguez et al., ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering, 2019, 7(4), 3940]. They also showed that the composition affects the physical properties of these liquids and their ability to dissolve metal oxides. In this work we evaluate the solubility and self-assembly of cationic surfactants alkyltrimethyl ammonium bromides (CnTAB) in these pTSA/ChCl based liquids. CnTABs are insoluble in 1pTSA:2ChCl, whereas in 1pTSA:1ChCl and 2pTSA;1ChCl they form micelles. We characterise CnTAB (n=12, 14, 16) micelles using Small Angle Neutron Scattering and also look at interaction of water with the micelles. These studies help determine the interaction of DES components with the surfactant and the influence of varying pTSA and water ratios on these interactions. This provides potential for controlled surfactant templating and for tuning rheology modification in such systems.
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| 10. |
- Osborn, A., et al.
(author)
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TOI-332 b: a super dense Neptune found deep within the Neptunian desert
- 2023
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In: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. - 0035-8711 .- 1365-2966. ; 526:1, s. 548-566
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- To date, thousands of planets have been discovered, but there are regions of the orbital parameter space that are still bare. An example is the short period and intermediate mass/radius space known as the 'Neptunian desert', where planets should be easy to find but discoveries remain few. This suggests unusual formation and evolution processes are responsible for the planets residing here. We present the discovery of TOI-332 b, a planet with an ultra-short period of 0.78 d that sits firmly within the desert. It orbits a K0 dwarf with an effective temperature of 5251 ± 71 K. TOI-332 b has a radius of R, smaller than that of Neptune, but an unusually large mass of 57.2 ± 1.6 M. It has one of the highest densities of any Neptune-sized planet discovered thus far at g cm-3. A 4-layer internal structure model indicates it likely has a negligible hydrogen-helium envelope, something only found for a small handful of planets this massive, and so TOI-332 b presents an interesting challenge to planetary formation theories. We find that photoevaporation cannot account for the mass-loss required to strip this planet of the Jupiter-like envelope it would have been expected to accrete. We need to look towards other scenarios, such as high-eccentricity migration, giant impacts, or gap opening in the protoplanetary disc, to try and explain this unusual discovery.
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