| 1. |
- Major, Balázs, et al.
(author)
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Effect of plasma-core-induced self-guiding on phase matching of high-order harmonic generation in gases
- 2019
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In: Journal of the Optical Society of America B: Optical Physics. - 0740-3224. ; 36:6, s. 1594-1601
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this work, we numerically study a self-guiding process in which ionization plays a dominant role and analyze its effect on high-order harmonic generation (HHG) in gases. Although this type of self-guiding-termed "plasmacore- induced self-guiding" in previous works-limits the achievable cutoff by regulating the intensity of the laser beam, it provides favorable conditions for phase matching, which is indispensable for high-flux-gas highharmonic sources. To underline the role of self-guiding in efficient HHG, we investigate the time-dependent phase-matching conditions in the guided beam and show how the spatiotemporally constant fundamental intensity contributes to the constructive buildup of the harmonic field in a broad photon energy range up to the provided cutoff.
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| 2. |
- Rivas, Daniel, et al.
(author)
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Propagation-enhanced generation of intense high-harmonic continua in the 100-eV spectral region
- 2018
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In: Optica. - 2334-2536. ; 5:10, s. 1283-1289
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The study of core electron dynamics through nonlinear spectroscopy requires intense isolated attosecond extremeultraviolet or even X-ray pulses. A robust way to produce these pulses is high-harmonic generation (HHG) in agas medium. However, the energy upscaling of the process depends on a very demanding next-generation laser technologythat provides multi-terawatt (TW) laser pulses with few-optical-cycle duration and controlled electric field.Here, we revisit the HHG process driven by 16-TW sub-two-cycle laser pulses to reach high intensity in the 100-eVspectral region and beyond. We show that the combination of above barrier-suppression intensity with a long generationmedium significantly enhances the isolation of attosecond pulses compared to lower intensities and/or shortermedia and this way reduces the pulse duration as well as field-stability requirements on the laser driver. This novelregime facilitates the real-time observation of electron dynamics at the attosecond timescale in atoms, molecules, andsolids.
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| 3. |
- Hegedus, Csaba, et al.
(author)
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Redox control of cancer cell destruction
- 2018
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In: Redox Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 2213-2317. ; 16, s. 59-74
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Redox regulation has been proposed to control various aspects of carcinogenesis, cancer cell growth, metabolism, migration, invasion, metastasis and cancer vascularization. As cancer has many faces, the role of redox control in different cancers and in the numerous cancer-related processes often point in different directions. In this review, we focus on the redox control mechanisms of tumor cell destruction. The review covers the tumor intrinsic role of oxidants derived from the reduction of oxygen and nitrogen in the control of tumor cell proliferation as well as the roles of oxidants and antioxidant systems in cancer cell death caused by traditional anticancer weapons (chemotherapeutic agents, radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy). Emphasis is also put on the role of oxidants and redox status in the outcome following interactions between cancer cells, cytotoxic lymphocytes and tumor infiltrating macrophages.
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| 4. |
- Kovacs, Gabor G., et al.
(author)
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Heroin abuse exaggerates age-related deposition of hyperphosphorylated tau and p62-positive inclusions
- 2015
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In: Neurobiology of Aging. - : Elsevier BV. - 0197-4580 .- 1558-1497. ; 36:11, s. 3100-3107
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The observation of increased hyperphosphorylated tau levels correlating with microglial activation in opiate abusers has been interpreted as predisposition to accelerated Alzheimer diseaseerelated changes. The present study focused on evaluating additional neurodegeneration-related proteins, including a-synuclein and TDP-43, and p62-positive deposits. We performed a systematic mapping of protein deposits in the brains of 27 individuals with documented heroin addiction (age: 19-40 years) and compared with 11 controls (age: 15-40 years). We confirm previous findings that heroin addiction associates with tau hyperphosphorylation in predilection brain areas for aging and Alzheimer disease. Furthermore, we show that this occurs also in areas implicated in the molecular disturbances and in vivo neuronal networks related to heroin abuse. There was, however, no presence of amyloid-beta deposits. We extend previous findings by showing the lack of TDP-43 or alpha-synuclein pathology and emphasize the independent effect of the duration of drug use on the appearance of age-related p62-positive neuritic profiles. These observations provide unique insights about neuropathological alterations in the brains of young heroin addicts and have implications about brain aging and the influences of environmental and toxic factors.
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| 5. |
- Kovacs, Katalin T., et al.
(author)
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Change in autoantibody and cytokine responses during the evolution of neuromyelitis optica in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus : A preliminary study
- 2016
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In: Multiple Sclerosis Journal. - : SAGE Publications. - 1352-4585 .- 1477-0970. ; 22:9, s. 1192-1201
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Neuromyelitis optica (NMO)-systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) association is a rare condition characterized by multiple autoantibodies. Objective: To examine if, during the evolution of NMO, anti-AQP4 responses are part of polyclonal B cell activation, and if T cell responses contribute. Methods: In 19 samples of six patients who developed NMO during SLE, we examined the correlation of AQP4-IgG1 and IgM with (i) anti-MOG IgG and IgM, (ii) anti-nuclear, anti-nucleosome and anti-dsDNA IgG antibodies, (iii) cytokines and chemokines in the serum and (iv) longitudinal relation to NMO relapses/remission. Results: AQP4-IgG1 was present 1-2-5 years before the first NMO relapse. During relapse, AQP4-IgG1, ANA, anti-dsDNA and anti-nucleosome antibodies were elevated. Anti-MOG IgG/IgM and AQP4-IgM antibodies were not detected. AQP4-IgG1 antibodies correlated with concentration of anti-nucleosome, IFN-γ,interferon-gamma-induced CCL10/IP-10 and CCL17/TARC (p
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| 6. |
- Lorant, Vincent, et al.
(author)
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Socioeconomic inequalities in suicide in Europe : the widening gap
- 2018
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In: British Journal of Psychiatry. - : Royal College of Psychiatry. - 0007-1250 .- 1472-1465. ; 212:6, s. 356-361
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Suicide has been decreasing over the past decade. However, we do not know whether socioeconomic inequality in suicide has been decreasing as well.AimsWe assessed recent trends in socioeconomic inequalities in suicide in 15 European populations.METHOD: The DEMETRIQ study collected and harmonised register-based data on suicide mortality follow-up of population censuses, from 1991 and 2001, in European populations aged 35-79. Absolute and relative inequalities of suicide according to education were computed on more than 300 million person-years.RESULTS: In the 1990s, people in the lowest educational group had 1.82 times more suicides than those in the highest group. In the 2000s, this ratio increased to 2.12. Among men, absolute and relative inequalities were substantial in both periods and generally did not decrease over time, whereas among women inequalities were absent in the first period and emerged in the second.CONCLUSIONS: The World Health Organization (WHO) plan for 'Fair opportunity of mental wellbeing' is not likely to be met.Declaration of interestNone.
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| 7. |
- Mackenbach, Johan P., et al.
(author)
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Determinants of inequalities in life expectancy : an international comparative study of eight risk factors
- 2019
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In: The Lancet Public Health. - : Elsevier. - 2468-2667. ; 4:10, s. E529-E537
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background Socioeconomic inequalities in longevity have been found in all European countries. We aimed to assess which determinants make the largest contribution to these inequalities. Methods We did an international comparative study of inequalities in risk factors for shorter life expectancy in Europe. We collected register-based mortality data and survey-based risk factor data from 15 European countries. We calculated partial life expectancies between the ages of 35 years and 80 years by education and gender and determined the effect on mortality of changing the prevalence of eight risk factors-father with a manual occupation, low income, few social contacts, smoking, high alcohol consumption, high bodyweight, low physical exercise, and low fruit and vegetable consumption-among people with a low level of education to that among people with a high level of education (upward levelling scenario), using population attributable fractions. Findings In all countries, a substantial gap existed in partial life expectancy between people with low and high levels of education, of 2.3-8.2 years among men and 0.6-4.5 years among women. The risk factors contributing most to the gap in life expectancy were smoking (19.8% among men and 18.9% among women), low income (9.7% and 13.4%), and high bodyweight (7.7% and 11.7%), but large differences existed between countries in the contribution of risk factors. Sensitivity analyses using the prevalence of risk factors in the most favourable country (best practice scenario) showed that the potential for reducing the gap might be considerably smaller. The results were also sensitive to varying assumptions about the mortality risks associated with each risk factor. Interpretation Smoking, low income, and high bodyweight are quantitatively important entry points for policies to reduce educational inequalities in life expectancy in most European countries, but priorities differ between countries. A substantial reduction of inequalities in life expectancy requires policy actions on a broad range of health determinants.
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| 8. |
- Mackenbach, Johan P., et al.
(author)
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Determinants of the magnitude of socioeconomic inequalities in mortality : A study of 17 European countries
- 2017
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In: Health and Place. - : Elsevier. - 1353-8292 .- 1873-2054. ; 47, s. 44-53
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The magnitude of socioeconomic inequalities in mortality differs importantly between countries, but these variations have not been satisfactorily explained. We explored the role of behavioral and structural determinants of these variations, by using a dataset covering 17 European countries in the period 1970–2010, and by conducting multilevel multivariate regression analyses. Our results suggest that between-country variations in inequalities in current mortality can partly be understood from variations in inequalities in smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and poverty. Also, countries with higher national income, higher quality of government, higher social transfers, higher health care expenditure and more self-expression values have smaller inequalities in mortality. Finally, trends in behavioral risk factors, particularly smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, appear to partly explain variations in inequalities in mortality trends. This study shows that analyses of variations in health inequalities between countries can help to identify entry-points for policy.
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| 9. |
- Mackenbach, Johan P, et al.
(author)
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Inequalities in Alcohol-Related Mortality in 17 European Countries : A Retrospective Analysis of Mortality Registers.
- 2015
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In: PLoS Medicine. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1549-1277 .- 1549-1676. ; 12:12
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Socioeconomic inequalities in alcohol-related mortality have been documented in several European countries, but it is unknown whether the magnitude of these inequalities differs between countries and whether these inequalities increase or decrease over time.METHODS AND FINDINGS: We collected and harmonized data on mortality from four alcohol-related causes (alcoholic psychosis, dependence, and abuse; alcoholic cardiomyopathy; alcoholic liver cirrhosis; and accidental poisoning by alcohol) by age, sex, education level, and occupational class in 20 European populations from 17 different countries, both for a recent period and for previous points in time, using data from mortality registers. Mortality was age-standardized using the European Standard Population, and measures for both relative and absolute inequality between low and high socioeconomic groups (as measured by educational level and occupational class) were calculated. Rates of alcohol-related mortality are higher in lower educational and occupational groups in all countries. Both relative and absolute inequalities are largest in Eastern Europe, and Finland and Denmark also have very large absolute inequalities in alcohol-related mortality. For example, for educational inequality among Finnish men, the relative index of inequality is 3.6 (95% CI 3.3-4.0) and the slope index of inequality is 112.5 (95% CI 106.2-118.8) deaths per 100,000 person-years. Over time, the relative inequality in alcohol-related mortality has increased in many countries, but the main change is a strong rise of absolute inequality in several countries in Eastern Europe (Hungary, Lithuania, Estonia) and Northern Europe (Finland, Denmark) because of a rapid rise in alcohol-related mortality in lower socioeconomic groups. In some of these countries, alcohol-related causes now account for 10% or more of the socioeconomic inequality in total mortality. Because our study relies on routinely collected underlying causes of death, it is likely that our results underestimate the true extent of the problem.CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol-related conditions play an important role in generating inequalities in total mortality in many European countries. Countering increases in alcohol-related mortality in lower socioeconomic groups is essential for reducing inequalities in mortality. Studies of why such increases have not occurred in countries like France, Switzerland, Spain, and Italy can help in developing evidence-based policies in other European countries.
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| 10. |
- Mackenbach, Johan P, et al.
(author)
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Trends in health inequalities in 27 European countries
- 2018
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In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 115:25, s. 6440-6445
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Unfavorable health trends among the lowly educated have recently been reported from the United States. We analyzed health trends by education in European countries, paying particular attention to the possibility of recent trend interruptions, including interruptions related to the impact of the 2008 financial crisis. We collected and harmonized data on mortality from ca 1980 to ca 2014 for 17 countries covering 9.8 million deaths and data on self-reported morbidity from ca 2002 to ca 2014 for 27 countries covering 350,000 survey respondents. We used interrupted time-series analyses to study changes over time and country-fixed effects analyses to study the impact of crisis-related economic conditions on health outcomes. Recent trends were more favorable than in previous decades, particularly in Eastern Europe, where mortality started to decline among lowly educated men and where the decline in less-than-good self-assessed health accelerated, resulting in some narrowing of health inequalities. In Western Europe, mortality has continued to decline among the lowly and highly educated, and although the decline of less-than-good self-assessed health slowed in countries severely hit by the financial crisis, this affected lowly and highly educated equally. Crisis-related economic conditions were not associated with widening health inequalities. Our results show that the unfavorable trends observed in the United States are not found in Europe. There has also been no discernible short-term impact of the crisis on health inequalities at the population level. Both findings suggest that European countries have been successful in avoiding an aggravation of health inequalities.
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