| 1. |
- Amara-Gahete, Francisco J, et al.
(author)
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Energy expenditure differences across lying,sitting, and standing positions in younghealthy adults
- 2019
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In: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 14:7
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The time spent in sedentary behaviour represents an important public health burden. Toreduce sedentary time in the general population, the simplest, most effective, and mostaccessible method is to decrease lying and sitting time. We aimed to compare differenceson energy expenditure (EE) across lying, sitting, and standing positions; and to analyse theassociations between the change on EE of changing from one position to another andanthropometric and body composition parameters in young healthy adults. A total of 55(69% women) young healthy adults aged 21.7 ± 2.2 participated in the study. We measuredEE by indirect calorimetry across lying, sitting, and standing positions following the standardprocedures. The EE was significantly higher in standing than in both lying and sitting positions(mean difference: 0.121±0.292 and 0.125±0.241 kcal/min, respectively; all P<0.001),and no differences were observed between lying and sitting positions (P = 1.000). Therewas a negative association between the EE differences in sitting vs. standing position andlean body mass (P = 0.048), yet no associations between EE differences with the rest of theanthropometric and body composition parameters were observed in each position pair studied(all P>0.321). Our findings support the fact that increasing the time spent standing couldbe a simple strategy to slightly increase EE. Therefore, our results have important clinicalimplications including a better monitoring, characterizing, and promoting countermeasuresto sedentariness through low-level physical activities.
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| 2. |
- Arenaza, Lide, et al.
(author)
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Dietary determinants of hepatic fat content and insulin resistance in overweight/obese children: a cross-sectional analysis of the Prevention of Diabetes in Kids (PREDIKID) study
- 2019
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In: British Journal of Nutrition. - : CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS. - 0007-1145 .- 1475-2662. ; 121:10, s. 1158-1165
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Paediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease has increased in parallel with childhood obesity. Dietary habits, particularly products rich in sugars, may influence both hepatic fat and insulin resistance (homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)). The aim of the study was to examine the association of the consumption of foods and food components, dairy desserts and substitutes (DDS), sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB), as well as total and added sugars, with hepatic fat and HOMA-IR. Dietary intake (two non-consecutive 24 h-recalls), hepatic fat (MRI) and HOMA-IR were assessed in 110 overweight/obese children (106 (sd 11) years old). Linear regression analyses were used to examine the association of dietary intake with hepatic fat and HOMA-IR adjusted for potential confounders (sex, age, energy intake, maternal educational level, total and abdominal adiposity and sugar intake). The results showed that there was a negative association between cereal intake and hepatic fat (beta=-0197, Pamp;lt;005). In contrast, both SSB consumption (beta=0217; P=0028) and sugar in SSB (beta=0210, P=0035), but not DDS or sugar in DDS or other dietary components, were positively associated with hepatic fat regardless of potential confounders including total sugar intake. In conclusion, cereal intake might decrease hepatic fat, whereas SSB consumption and its sugar content may increase the likelihood of having hepatic steatosis. Although these observations need to be confirmed using experimental evidence, these results suggest that healthy lifestyle intervention programs are needed to improve dietary habits as well as to increase the awareness of the detrimental effects of SSB consumption early in life.
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| 3. |
- Cadenas-Sanchez, Cristina, et al.
(author)
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Physical fitness reference standards for preschool children : The PREFIT project.
- 2019
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In: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. - : Elsevier. - 1440-2440 .- 1878-1861. ; 22:4, s. 430-437
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: Reference values are necessary for classifying children, for health screening, and for early prevention as many non-communicable diseases aggravate during growth and development. While physical fitness reference standards are available in children aged 6 and older, such information is lacking in preschool children. Therefore, the purposes of this study were (1) to provide sex-and age-specific physical fitness reference standards for Spanish preschool children; and (2) to study sex differences across this age period and to characterise fitness performance throughout the preschool period.DESIGN: Cross-sectional.METHODS: A total of 3179 preschool children (1678 boys) aged 2.8-6.4 years old from Spain were included in the present study. Physical fitness was measured using the PREFIT battery.RESULTS: Age- and sex-specific percentiles for the physical fitness components are provided. Boys performed better than girls in the cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, and speed-agility tests over the whole preschool period studied and for the different percentiles. In contrast, girls performed slightly better than boys in the balance test. Older children had better performance in all fitness tests than their younger counterparts.CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides age- and sex-specific physical fitness reference standards in preschool children allowing interpretation of fitness assessment. Sexual dimorphism in fitness tests exists already at preschool age, and these differences become larger with age. These findings will help health, sport, and school professionals to identify preschool children with a high/very low fitness level, to examine changes in fitness over time, and to analyse those changes obtained due to intervention effects.
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| 4. |
- Larqué, Elvira, et al.
(author)
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From conception to infancy — early risk factors for childhood obesity
- 2019
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In: Nature Reviews Endocrinology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1759-5029 .- 1759-5037. ; 15, s. 456-478
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Maternal lifestyle during pregnancy, as well as early nutrition and the environment infants are raised in, are considered relevant factors for the prevention of childhood obesity. Several models are available for the prediction of childhood overweight and obesity, yet most have not been externally validated. Moreover, the factors considered in the models differ among studies as the outcomes manifest after birth and depend on maturation processes that vary between individuals. The current Review examines and interprets data on the early determinants of childhood obesity to provide relevant strategies for daily clinical work. We evaluate a selection of prenatal and postnatal factors associated with child adiposity. Actions to be considered for preventing childhood obesity include the promotion of healthy maternal nutrition and weight status at reproductive age and during pregnancy, as well as careful monitoring of infant growth to detect early excessive weight gain. Paediatricians and other health-care professionals should provide scientifically validated, individual nutritional advice to families to counteract excessive adiposity in children. Based on systematic reviews, original papers and scientific reports, we provide information to help with setting up public health strategies to prevent overweight and obesity in childhood.
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| 5. |
- Lin, Yi, et al.
(author)
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Dietary animal and plant protein intakes and their associations with obesity and cardio-metabolic indicators in European adolescents : The HELENA cross-sectional study
- 2015
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In: Nutrition Journal. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1475-2891. ; 14:10
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Previous studies suggest that dietary protein might play a beneficial role in combating obesity and its related chronic diseases. Total, animal and plant protein intakes and their associations with anthropometry and serum biomarkers in European adolescents using one standardised methodology across European countries are not well documented. Objectives: To evaluate total, animal and plant protein intakes in European adolescents stratified by gender and age, and to investigate their associations with cardio-metabolic indicators (anthropometry and biomarkers). Methods: The current analysis included 1804 randomly selected adolescents participating in the HELENA study (conducted in 2006-2007) aged 12.5-17.5 y (47% males) who completed two non-consecutive computerised 24-h dietary recalls. Associations between animal and plant protein intakes, and anthropometry and serum biomarkers were examined with General linear Model multivariate analysis. Results: Average total protein intake exceeded the recommendations of World Health Organization and European Food Safety Authority. Mean total protein intake was 96 g/d (59% derived from animal protein). Total, animal and plant protein intakes (g/d) were significantly lower in females than in males and total and plant protein intakes were lower in younger participants (12.5-14.9 y). Protein intake was significantly lower in underweight subjects and higher in obese ones; the direction of the relationship was reversed after adjustments for body weight (g/(kg.d)). The inverse association of plant protein intakes was stronger with BMI z-score and body fat percentage (BF%) compared to animal protein intakes. Additionally, BMI and BF% were positively associated with energy percentage of animal protein. Conclusions: This sample of European adolescents appeared to have adequate total protein intake. Our findings suggest that plant protein intakes may play a role in preventing obesity among European adolescents. Further longitudinal studies are needed to investigate the potential beneficial effects observed in this study in the prevention of obesity and related chronic diseases.
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| 6. |
- Migueles, Jairo H., et al.
(author)
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Accelerometer Data Collection and Processing Criteria to Assess Physical Activity and Other Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Practical Considerations
- 2017
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In: Sports Medicine. - : ADIS INT LTD. - 0112-1642 .- 1179-2035. ; 47:9, s. 1821-1845
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background Accelerometers are widely used to measure sedentary time, physical activity, physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE), and sleep-related behaviors, with the ActiGraph being the most frequently used brand by researchers. However, data collection and processing criteria have evolved in a myriad of ways out of the need to answer unique research questions; as a result there is no consensus. Objectives The purpose of this review was to: (1) compile and classify existing studies assessing sedentary time, physical activity, energy expenditure, or sleep using the ActiGraph GT3X/+ through data collection and processing criteria to improve data comparability and (2) review data collection and processing criteria when using GT3X/+ and provide age-specific practical considerations based on the validation/calibration studies identified. Methods Two independent researchers conducted the search in PubMed and Web of Science. We included all original studies in which the GT3X/+ was used in laboratory, controlled, or free-living conditions published from 1 January 2010 to the 31 December 2015. Results The present systematic review provides key information about the following data collection and processing criteria: placement, sampling frequency, filter, epoch length, non-wear-time, what constitutes a valid day and a valid week, cut-points for sedentary time and physical activity intensity classification, and algorithms to estimate PAEE and sleep-related behaviors. The information is organized by age group, since criteria are usually age-specific. Conclusion This review will help researchers and practitioners to make better decisions before (i.e., device placement and sampling frequency) and after (i.e., data processing criteria) data collection using the GT3X/? accelerometer, in order to obtain more valid and comparable data.
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| 7. |
- Sanchez-Delgado, Guillermo, et al.
(author)
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Estimation of non-shivering thermogenesis and cold-induced nutrient oxidation rates : Impact of method for data selection and analysis.
- 2019
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In: Clinical Nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0261-5614 .- 1532-1983. ; 38:54, s. 2168-2174
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND & AIMS: Since the discovery of active brown adipose tissue in human adults, non-shivering cold-induced thermogenesis (CIT) has been regarded as a promising tool to combat obesity. However, there is a lack of consensus regarding the method of choice to analyze indirect calorimetry data from a CIT study. We analyzed the impact of methods for data selection and methods for data analysis on measures of cold-induced energy expenditure (EE) and nutrient oxidation rates.METHODS: Forty-four young healthy adults (22.1 ± 2.1 years old, 25.6 ± 5.2 kg/m2, 29 women) participated in the study. Resting metabolic rate (RMR), cold-induced thermogenesis (CIT), and cold-induced nutrient oxidation rates were estimated by indirect calorimetry under fasting conditions during 1 h of cold exposure combining air conditioning (19.5-20 °C) and a water perfused cooling vest set at a temperature of 4 °C above the individual shivering threshold. We applied three methods for data selection: (i) time intervals every 5 min (5min-TI), (ii) the most stable 5-min period of every forth part of the cold exposure (5min-SS-4P), and (iii) the most stable 5-min period of every half part of the cold exposure (5min-SS-2P). Lately we applied two methods for data analysis: (i) area under the curve as a percentage of the baseline RMR (AUC) and; (ii) the difference between EE at the end of the cold exposure and baseline RMR (Last-RMR).RESULTS: Mean overall CIT estimation ranged from 11.6 ± 10.0 to 20.1 ± 17.2 %RMR depending on the methods for data selection and analysis used. Regarding methods for data selection, 5min-SS-2P did not allow to observe physiologically relevant phenomena (e.g. metabolic shift in fuel oxidation; P = 0.547) due to a lack of resolution. The 5min-TI and 5min-SS-4P methods for data selection seemed to be accurate enough to observe physiologically relevant phenomena (all P < 0.014), but not comparable for estimating over-all CIT and cold-induced nutrient oxidation rates (P < 0.01). Regarding methods for data analysis, the AUC seemed to be less affected for data artefacts and to be more representative in participants with a non-stable energy expenditure during cold exposure.CONCLUSIONS: The methods for data selection and analysis can have a profound impact on CIT and cold-induced nutrient oxidation rates estimations, and therefore, it is mandatory to unify it across scientific community to allow inter-study comparisons. Based on our findings, 5min-TI should be considered the method of choice to study dynamics (i.e. changes across time) of CIT and cold-induced nutrient oxidation rates, while 5min-SS-4P and AUC should be the method of choice when computing CIT and cold-induced nutrient oxidation rates as a single value.
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