| 1. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(author)
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Do EPA administrators recommend environmental policies that citizens want?
- 2008
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- We investigate whether Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) administrator preferences regarding improvements in environmental quality differ from citizen preferences. The scope and significance of the possible difference are assessed by conducting identical choice experiments (CE) on a random sample of Swedish citizens and a random sample of administrators working at the Swedish EPA. The experiment concerns two environmental quality objectives: a Balanced Marine Environment and Clean Air. The EPA administrators were asked to choose the alternatives they would recommend as a policy, while the citizens were asked to act as private persons. We find that the rankings of attributes differ between the two groups, and that there are significant differences in the willingness to pay (WTP) for particular attributes. EPA administrators have a higher WTP for five out of the seven attributes, and in some cases the difference is not only significant but also substantial. We also asked the administrators to motivate their CE choices, and the main motive was ecological sustainability.
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| 2. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(author)
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Ignoring attributes in choice experiments
- 2008
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- In this paper we use follow-up questions to investigate whether attributes have been ignored in a choice experiment on environmental goods. This information is subsequently used in the estimation of the model by restricting the individual parameters for the ignored attributes to zero. We then separately estimate the marginal willingness to pay (WTP) for the whole sample and for those who took all attributes into account. We find no significant differences in mean marginal WTP between these two models. However, when taking the shares of respondents who considered both the environmental and the cost attributes (52 -69 percent of the respondents) into account, then the marginal WTPs for each attribute change if the respondents who ignored the attributes have a zero WTP. Hence, not taking into account whether respondents have considered the attribute could give biased welfare estimates and wrong policy implications. We also investigate whether any socioeconomic characteristics can explain who ignores attributes, and find that very few of the variables are significant, indicating that we can only partly explain the behavior.
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| 3. |
- Lampi, Elina, 1967, et al.
(author)
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Family-Size Effects on Earnings – Definitions Matter
- 2009
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Number of siblings has previously been found to adversely affect earned income. However, we still lack understanding of whether nature or nurture drives this effect. We examine in detail the effects of having different kinds of siblings and find that the number of siblings one grew up with has a strong negative effect on earnings, while the total number of siblings as such has no significant effect. We also find that number of full-siblings has a strong effect irrespective of having grown up together. Hence, both nature and nurture play a role.
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| 4. |
- Lampi, Elina, 1967, et al.
(author)
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Gender and birth-order differences in time and risk preferences and decisions
- 2009
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- We study how gender, birth order, and number of siblings are related to stated time and risk preferences and to real-life decisions. We use survey data covering about 2,300 individuals and find that time and risk preferences are significantly correlated among women but not among men. We also find that stated time and risk preferences have clear explanatory power for real-life decisions, but in different ways for men and women. Moreover, risk preferences have stronger explanatory power for males than for females, whose decisions are more related to birth order and number of siblings. For example, the often claimed result that first-borns are more likely to have higher education is found among women only, while risk aversion and patience can explain part of men´s corresponding choice.
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| 5. |
- Lampi, Elina, 1967
(author)
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Individual Preferences, Choices, and Risk Perceptions - survey based evidence
- 2008
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Paper 1 investigates how birth order and having siblings affect positional concerns in terms of success at work and of income. We find that only-children are the most positional, but that number of siblings increases the concern for their position among those who grew up together with siblings. Furthermore, people whose parents often compared them with their siblings have stronger positional concerns in general. Paper 2 analyzes whether an introduction of an entrance fee affects visitor composition at a Swedish state-funded museum, namely the Museum of World Culture. We conducted two surveys in order to collect information about the visitors’ socio-economic backgrounds, one before and one after the introduction of the entrance fee. While the entrance was still free, we asked visitors about their willingness to pay (WTP) for a visit, using the Contingent Valuation (CV) method. The results of the CV survey show that several target group visitors that the museum wishes to reach are less likely to visit the museum even at a very low fee level. By comparing the CV results and the observed post-introduction change in visitor composition, we conclude that CV does predict a majority of the changes successfully. In Paper 3 we use a choice experiment to study whether Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) administrator preferences regarding improvements in environmental quality differ from citizen preferences. The EPA administrators were asked to choose the alternatives they would recommend as a policy, while the citizens were asked to act as private persons. We find that the attribute rankings and the WTP levels for particular attributes differ between the two groups. We also find that ecological sustainability is more important for the administrators than the preferences of ordinary people regarding changes in environmental quality. Paper 4 analyzes the marginal willingness to pay (MWTP) for changes in noise levels related to changes in the volume of take-offs and landings at a city airport in Stockholm, by using a choice experiment. When estimating MWTP for different times of the day and days of the week, we find that these vary with temporal dimensions: mornings and evenings have higher values. Paper 5 investigates whether women have correct perceptions about the age-related risk of female infertility, whether the perceptions of the personal and the general risk in the own age group differ, and if so, which factors can explain the difference. The results show that women overestimate the general risks for women older than 34, and that mothers in general have a too optimistic picture of their own fertility while non-mothers do not. Paper 6 analyzes from which channels of information women get information about the general risks of age-related female infertility and how the different channels of information affect women’s risk perceptions. We find that media reaches women of all ages, while only about one-fourth have received information from the health care system. Furthermore, information from friends and relatives makes women more likely to overestimate the risks. Since women are most interested in receiving information from the health care system, we argue that system authorities should inform women earlier than what is being done today.
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| 6. |
- Lampi, Elina, 1967, et al.
(author)
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Money and Success - Sibling and Birth-Order Effects on Positional Concerns
- 2008
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Survey data is used to investigate how birth order and having siblings affect positional concerns in terms of success at work and of income. We find that only-children are the most concerned with relative position, but that number of siblings increases the concern among those who grew up together with siblings. Furthermore, people whose parents often compared them with their siblings have stronger positional concerns in general. We find differences depending on whether the issue is relative income or relative successfulness, and that people generally have stronger positional concern in relation to friends, but less so in relation to parents and least in relation to siblings. We also find that younger respondents are far more concerned with relative position than older in all studied situations.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Lampi, Elina, 1967
(author)
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The personal and general risks of age-related female infertility: Is there an optimistic bias or not?
- 2006
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Based on a survey of a random sample of 1800 Swedish females aged 20-40 this paper investigates: (1). whether women are aware that the risk of female infertility increases with age, (2). whether the perceptions of the personal risk and the general risk in the own age group differ from each other, and (3). what factors can explain this possible difference between the stated personal and general risks. The results show that women do know that the likelihood of being infertile increases with age. However, they are less aware of the magnitude of this increase; especially the general risk levels given for women over age 34 are highly overestimated. A majority of the respondents aged 30 and older state a lower personal risk than a general risk for other women of the same age; thus, there seems to be an optimistic bias. This bias is even stronger for women who are also mothers. Thus, people with a positive personal previous experience feel that they are less vulnerable to the risk of infertility compared to others, while those without this kind of experience do not. If those who are mothers actually have a lower risk of infertility than others, then there of course is no bias. However, it is very unlikely that all women currently without children actually have a higher than average risk of infertility.
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| 9. |
- Lampi, Elina, 1967
(author)
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What do friends and media tell us? How different information channels affect women’s risk perceptions of age-related female infertility
- 2007
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Based on a survey of a random sample of Swedish 20-40 year old females this paper investigates how different channels of information affect women’s perceptions of the general and the personal risks of age-related female infertility. We find that information from both media and friends and relatives matters for women’s risk perceptions. Just before the original survey was sent out, several Swedish newspapers reported that university students in Sweden tend to overestimate women’s chances of becoming pregnant. Therefore, we sent out another survey to a new sample of women two months later. Comparing responses immediately after the large media report with responses two months later, we cannot find any significant differences. Furthermore, women are most likely to want information from the health care system although, interestingly, women who highly underestimate the general risks for all age groups are less likely to want information from this source.
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| 10. |
- Lampi, Elina, 1967, et al.
(author)
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Who visits the museums? A comparison between stated preferences and observed effects of entrance fees
- 2008
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This study investigates whether the introduction of an entrance fee affects visitor composition at a state funded museum in Sweden. While entrance to the museum was still free, we conducted a survey to collect information about visitor characteristics and used the Contingent Valuation (CV) method to measure visitors? willingness to pay (WTP) for a visit. The results of the CV survey show that even a very low entrance fee level results in a significant reduction in several target groups that the museum has policy directives to reach. Additionally, we conducted another survey after the introduction of the fee. Thus, we have a unique opportunity to test the validity of CV in the context of a cultural good. The comparison between the predicted results from the CV and the observed change in visitor composition after the introduction of the fee implies that CV does predict a majority of the changes successfully.
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