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Search: WFRF:(Leong T) > (2005-2009)

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1.
  • Klionsky, Daniel J., et al. (author)
  • Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy in higher eukaryotes
  • 2008
  • In: Autophagy. - : Landes Bioscience. - 1554-8627 .- 1554-8635. ; 4:2, s. 151-175
  • Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Research in autophagy continues to accelerate,1 and as a result many new scientists are entering the field. Accordingly, it is important to establish a standard set of criteria for monitoring macroautophagy in different organisms. Recent reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose.2,3 There are many useful and convenient methods that can be used to monitor macroautophagy in yeast, but relatively few in other model systems, and there is much confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure macroautophagy in higher eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers of autophagosomes versus those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway; thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from fully functional autophagy that includes delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of the methods that can be used by investigators who are attempting to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as by reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that investigate these processes. This set of guidelines is not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to verify an autophagic response.
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2.
  • Lui, Hoi-Shun, 1980, et al. (author)
  • A Note on the Mutual-Coupling Problems in Transmitting and Receiving Antenna Arrays
  • 2009
  • In: IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine. - 1045-9243. ; 51:5, s. 171-176
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • In antenna arrays, mutual coupling between antenna elements is well known as an undesired effect, which degrades the performance of array signal-processing algorithms. The compensation of such an undesired effect has been a popular research topic throughout the years. Various approaches for mutual-coupling compensation have been developed, and they can easily be found in the open literature. In general, the mutual-coupling problems for a transmitting and receiving array are different, even if the physical geometry of the array remains unchanged. However, it seems that antenna engineers are not well aware of such differences in the analysis of receiving antenna arrays. In this note, the mutual-coupling problems in transmitting and receiving antenna arrays are revisited. The differences between the mutual coupling and mutual impedances for transmitting and receiving antenna arrays are explained. It is concluded that the mutual-coupling problems of transmitting and receiving arrays are in general different, and hence different mutual impedances should be used for mutual-coupling analysis and compensation.
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