| 1. |
- Lichtenthaler, Ulrich, et al.
(author)
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Retracted: Technology commercialization intelligence : organizational antecedents and performance consequences
- 2009
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In: Technological forecasting & social change. - : Elsevier BV. - 0040-1625 .- 1873-5509. ; 76:3, s. 301-315
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- External technology commercialization, e.g., by means of technology licensing, has recently gained in importance. Despite imperfections in technology markets, out-licensing constitutes a major technology commercialization channel. Although the identification of licensing opportunities represents a significant managerial challenge, prior research has relatively neglected these activities. Therefore, we develop the concept of ‘technology commercialization intelligence' (TCI), which refers to the observation of a firm's environment with particular focus on identifying technology licensing opportunities. Grounded in a dynamic capabilities perspective, we test five hypotheses regarding organizational antecedents and performance consequences of TCI, drawing on data from a survey of 152 companies. The empirical findings provide strong support for the importance of the TCI concept. The findings deepen our understanding of the discrepancies between successful pioneering firms active in technology licensing and many others being less successful. The results have major implications for technology exploitation in open innovation processes.
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| 2. |
- Frishammar, Johan, et al.
(author)
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Antecedents and consequences of firms' process innovation capability : a literature review and a conceptual framework
- 2012
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In: IEEE transactions on engineering management. - 0018-9391 .- 1558-0040. ; 59:4, s. 519-529
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Process innovation can allow both efficiency and effectiveness gains and is a key source of long-term competitive advantage in manufacturing firms. However, the literature on managing process innovation is broad and fragmented, and it has not yet been systematically reviewed in the scholarly literature. Drawing on a capability-based perspective, the aim of this paper is to provide a systematic review of the process innovation literature. We synthesize our findings into a conceptual framework displaying the antecedents and consequences of firms' process innovation capability. First, a parsimonious review of the process innovation literature is conducted. Second, a conceptual framework of firms' process innovation capability is developed to synthesize the literature and to advance knowledge about managing process innovation. A principal distinction between a firm's potential and realized process innovation capability is drawn, and it is argued that high-quality realization mechanisms are critical for achieving desired process innovation outcomes. Finally, implications for theory, management practice, and recommendations for future research are provided.
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| 3. |
- Frishammar, Johan, et al.
(author)
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Identifying technology commercialization opportunities : the importance of integrating product development knowledge
- 2012
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In: The Journal of product innovation management. - New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0737-6782 .- 1540-5885. ; 29:4, s. 573-589
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- New product development (NPD) is a knowledge-intensive activity, perhaps even more so in recent years given the shift toward more open innovation processes, which involve active inward and outward technology transfer. While the extant literature has established that knowledge is critical for NPD performance, knowledge generated through NPD can have an additional impact on external technology exploitationas when firms go beyond pure internal application of knowledge to commercialize their technologies, for example, by means of technology outlicensing. Grounded in the knowledge-based view of the firm, this paper examines how the integration of domain-specific knowledge, procedural knowledge, and general knowledge generated through NPD affects a firm's proficiency in identifying technology commercialization opportunities. Additionally, analysis of how technology opportunity identification relates to technology commercialization performance is provided. Empirically, the paper draws on survey data from 193 Swedish medium-sized manufacturing firms in four industries active with NPD, and regression analyses and structural equation modeling were used to test the hypotheses. The results highlight the importance of integrating domain-specific and general NPD knowledge to proficiently identify technology licensing opportunities. The empirical findings also provide strong support for a subsequent link between technology opportunity identification and technology commercialization performance. Altogether, these results point to strong and previously unexplored complementarities between inward and outward technology exploitation, that is, between NPD and technology licensing. As such, the results provide important theoretical implications for research into the fields of knowledge integration, technology exploitation, opportunity identification, and technology markets. Moreover, the results have significant managerial implications concerning how knowledge generated through NPD can help firms to achieve both strategic and monetary benefits when trying to profit from technology. In particular, to set up proficient technology commercialization processes, it appears beneficial for firms to integrate knowledge that is gained through the ordinary activities of developing and commercializing products. Specifically, the integration of domain-specific knowledge and general knowledge helps firms to match their technologies with new applications and markets, which is often the critical barrier to successful technology commercialization activities. Managers are thus encouraged to integrate domain-specific knowledge and general knowledge from NPD to reap additional benefits in profiting from investments in innovation and technology.
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| 4. |
- Frishammar, Johan, et al.
(author)
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Managing process development : key issues and dimensions in the front end
- 2013
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In: R &D Management. - : Wiley. - 0033-6807 .- 1467-9310. ; 43:3, s. 213-226
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Beyond the traditional focus on product innovation, prior research and practical examples from a variety of industrial settings underscore the importance of the early phases of process development and process innovation. Despite the potential for large cost savings and efficiency gains, however, little is known about what firms actually do in the early design and concept creation phases of process development, and what guides their subsequent formal process development efforts. By means of a longitudinal multiple case study of four large companies, we bridge this gap by conceptualizing a ‘process definition’. This process definition includes a process concept and is the ‘process equivalent’ of a product definition. Our analysis shows that firms create such process definitions through iterative trial-and-error processes, in which experiments, environmental scanning, and administrative planning constitute key methods for uncertainty reduction. Mainstream theory on product definitions fails to account for the key dimensions of a process definition. On the contrary, dimensions such as the understanding of production needs, assessment of product consequences, a thorough implementation plan and early anticipation of intended outcomes, constitute key dimensions of a successful process definition. These findings are particularly relevant to process development managers, plant managers, and others interested in process development and management of production processes.
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| 5. |
- Frishammar, Johan, et al.
(author)
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Success factors for managing the fuzzy front end in non-assembled product development : findings from process-based firms
- 2009
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In: 16th International Product Development Management Conference. - : University of Twente.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The overall purpose of the article is to empirically identify success factors for managing the fuzzy front end during the development of non‐assembled products, as well as ranking their relative importance. By means of an exploratory case study, we probe existing front‐end practices in three firms within the metal‐ and minerals industry. Such a study is justifiable, as the specific contingency characteristics of process‐based companies make previous research results difficult to transfer. As mutual interdependences exist between product innovation and process innovation in such firms, we ground our thesis not only in the fuzzy front end (FFE) literature but also in the literature on managing process innovation (MPI). Among other things, our findings show that (1) several factors relevant to managing process innovation apply to the FFE for product development as well, e.g. investment in and integration of new process technology, product‐ and process innovation integration, and adequate relationships between labor and management. Furthermore, some factors (i.e. cross‐functionality, project management, early customer involvement, and culture) are paramount to make other factors work, and virtually no factor can be ignored completely.Our findings have major implications for how R&D m
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| 6. |
- Frishammar, Johan, et al.
(author)
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The front end in non-assembled product development : a multiple case study of mineral- and metal firms
- 2012
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In: Journal of engineering and technology management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0923-4748 .- 1879-1719. ; 29:4, s. 468-488
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We conceptualize the front end in non-assembled product development to be iterative and experiment-based, consisting of three sub-phases: informal start-up, formal idea-study, and formal pre-study. Although some key activities are shared with the front end activities in assembled product development, literature reviews, anticipating requirements of customers’ production processes, analysis of raw materials, anticipation of scale-up problems, and tests in bench-, pilot plant-, and full scale production represent unique activities. In addition, product concepts were frequently developed in parallel, requiring specification of physical, chemical and structural properties. These findings have implications for increasing the success and quality of front end efforts
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| 7. |
- Kurkkio, Monika, et al.
(author)
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Where process development begins : a multiple case study of fuzzy front-end activities in process firms
- 2011
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In: Technovation. - : Elsevier BV. - 0166-4972 .- 1879-2383. ; 31:9, s. 490-504
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The fuzzy front end stage is known to be critical to overall product development success, but few if any studies have examined the front end in process development. By means of a multiple case study of process firms, this article aims to bridge this knowledge gap. Our results show that substantial differences in front end activities exist between the product development and process development domains. We conceptualize the front end in process development to be an iterative trial-and-error process, dominated by activities such as idea generation and refinement, literature reviews, anticipation of end-product changes, and various forms of experiments in bench scale, lab scale, and full-scale production. In addition, we highlight key problems in the FFE process, and managerial remedies for how to mitigate them. While these findings provide theoretical implications for research into product development, process development and production management, the findings are particularly relevant to process development managers, plant managers, and development engineers interested in increasing the efficiency of production processes.
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| 8. |
- Lichtenthaler, Ulrich, et al.
(author)
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Retracted: The Impact of Aligning Product Development and Technology Licensing: A Contingency Perspective
- 2011
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In: The Journal of product innovation management. - : Wiley. - 0737-6782 .- 1540-5885. ; 28:Suppl. 1, s. 89-103
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The following article from Journal of Product Innovation Management, The Impact of Aligning Product Development and Technology Licensing: A Contingency Perspective by Ulrich Lichtenthaler and Johan Frishammar, published online on 13 October 2011 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the journal Editor-in-Chief, the Product Development and Management Association, and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. The retraction has been agreed to due to inconsistencies in the empirical results. Prof. Dr. Lichtenthaler has indicated that Prof. Frishammar was not responsible for any of the statistical analyses in the article and Prof. Dr. Lichtenthaler accepts sole responsibility for this article being retracted.
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| 9. |
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