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| 2. |
- Badea, Silviu, et al.
(author)
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The influence of soil composition on the leachability of selected hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) from soils using a batch leaching test
- 2013
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In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 254, s. 26-35
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The influence of soil composition (peat and clay content) on the leachability was investigated in batch leaching experiments for chemically diverse hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs: PCP, PAHs, HCB, HCHs, PCBs, and TCDD/Fs). An experimental design was applied to generate 8 diverse soil matrices, and the results were evaluated by orthogonal projections to latent structures (OPLS), as well as compound specific response surface models. Overall, the distribution coefficients (log Kd) of model HOCs were in the range of approx. 2.0–5.7. The Kd-values of HCHs, phenanthrene and PCP were positively correlated with the peat content. Kd-values of benzo(a)anthracene, HCB, and PCB 47 were positively correlated with both peat and clay content. The Kd-values of 1,3,6,8-TCDD and 1,3,6,8-TCDF were positively correlated with peat content but negatively correlated with clay content, while for PCB 153 and PCB 155 the correlations were reversed. The correlation between the Kd-values and the compounds’ Kow-values was linearly for compounds with log Kow <6. For HOCs with log Kow > 6, the Kd-values were leveling off, possibly due to small particles in the leachates. Our study demonstrated how complex interaction between both the organic matter and clay components influences the leachability of HOCs in a compound-specific manner.
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| 3. |
- Brorström-Lundén, Eva, et al.
(author)
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Screening of benzothiazoles, benzenediamines, dicyclohexylamine and benzotriazoles 2009
- 2012
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- En screeningundersökning av bensotiazoler, bensendiaminer, dicyclohexylamin och bensotriazoler har genomförts inom ramen för Naturvårdsvekets screeningprogram. Avsikten med en screeningundersökning är att bestämma koncentrationer av de utvalda substanserna i olika delar av den svenska miljön och därigenom belysa viktiga emissions- och transportvägar. Denna undersökning har genomförts i sammarbete med forskningsprogrammet ChEmiTecs “Organic Chemicals Emitted from Technosphere Articles" (www.chemitecs.se) finansierat av Naturvårdsverket. Målet med Chemitecs är att öka kunskapen om emissioner av organiska ämnen från varor. Resultaten ska stödja utvecklingen av svenska och europeiska handlingsprogram som ska minska riskerna med särskilt farliga ämnen. Bensotiazolerna MBT, CBS, DBS och DBD fanns i en eller flera av de undersökta provtyperna. Detektionsfrekvenserna varierade både mellan substanserna och provtyperna. Fördelningsmönstret påverkades troligen både av föreningarnas egenskaper, såsom kemisk stabilitet och tendens att fördelas mellan olika faser, och av användningen. MBT hade högst detektionsfrekvens medan de andra bensotiazolerna hittades mera sporadiskt. En viktig spridningsväg till miljön för MBT är via reningsverk vilket pekar på diffusa emissioner från konsumentprodukter. Förekomst i dagvatten indikerar trafik-relaterade emissioner. MBT och övriga bensotiazoler förekom främst i vattenmiljön medan lufttransport verkar vara av mindre betydelse. Bensendiaminen DPP hittades i vissa fall i till exempel ytvatten, dagvatten och reningsverksslam.DCHA var vanligt förekommande i alla provtyper utom i gröda. Att DCHA återfinns i luft och deposition indikerar att substansen emitteras till luft och att lufttransport är en viktig spridningsväg. Förekomsten i dagvatten och i jord visar att trafikrelaterade emissioner är viktiga. DCHA hittades emellertid inte i gröda insamlad i närheten av trafikerade vägar. En annan viktig spridningsväg för DCHA är via reningsverk vilket antyder diffusa emissioner från till exempel konsumentprodukter Bensotriazoler är vanligt förekommande i miljön både i bakgrundsmiljö och i urbana områden. Substanserna förekom i alla analyserade matriser: luft, deposition, ytvatten, sediment, jord och biota. Resultaten visade också att diffus spridning via reningsverk, deponier och dagvatten kan vara viktigt för förekomsten i miljön. Detta indikerar emissioner via användning av produkter. UVP är den bensotriazol som används mest följd av UV 328 och UV 327. Dessa substanser hittades också i högst koncentrationer.I en enkel riskbedömning för vattenmiljöns pelagiska ekosystem identifierades inga större risker, dvs halterna var generellt lägre än PNEC i ytvatten och i avloppsvatten med hänsyn till förväntad utspädning. DPP förekom dock i koncentrationer över PNEC i Viskan. Koncentrationen av DPP och DCHA i outspätt avloppsvatten överskred vid några tillfällen PNEC. Inga toxicitets eller ekotoxicitetsdata har hittats för någon av benzotriazolerna i tillgänglig litteratur. Några riskbedömningar för dessa har därför inte utförts.
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| 4. |
- Do, Lan, et al.
(author)
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Comprehensive profiling of 136 tetra- to octa-polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans using ionic liquid columns and column combinations
- 2013
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In: Journal of Chromatography A. - : Elsevier BV. - 0021-9673 .- 1873-3778. ; 1311, s. 157-169
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The orders of elution of all 136 tetra- to octa-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were determined on six gas chromatography (GC) columns. Three of these columns had ionic liquid stationary phases (SLB-IL111, SLB-IL76 and SLB-IL61; Supelco), one a liquid crystal phase (LC-50; Restek), one a chiral phase (beta DEXcst; Restek) and one a low bleed non-polar phase (DB-XLB; J&W/Agilent). According to our results, the high polarity and multiple solvation interactions of the ionic liquid stationary phases offered superior resolving power to that achieved with previously evaluated columns. The SLB-IL61 and SLB-IL111 columns resolved or partially separated 106 and 100 congeners, respectively, of the 136 PCDD/Fs. The SLB-IL61 also resolved 15 and partially separated one of the seventeen 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/Fs. Additional congeners can be separated by complementary analyses using additional columns in a dual- or triple-column approach. For example, using a combination of the SLB-IL61 and SLB-IL111 columns all but 8 congeners would be separated, including all 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/Fs. Two more congeners would be separated using a combination of SLB-IL76 and a liquid crystal (SB-Smectic) column, but in this case the 2,3,7,8-TeCDF would not be resolved. Three-column combinations would give even better separation: the DB-17/Smectic/SLB-IL76 and DB-225/Smectic/SLB-IL111 combinations would separate all but 1 of the 136 PCDD/F congeners. Unfortunately, the smectic column is no longer in production. If only commercially available columns are considered, combinations of SLB-IL61 and SLB-IL111 with DB-XLB, LC-50, or DB-225 offer the best performance, with 4, 4, and 3 unresolved congeners, respectively. Moreover, in each of these cases, one of the congeners in each unresolved pair is resolved on at least one of the other columns and so a reasonable estimate of the unresolved congeners' concentrations can be obtained by subtraction. The profiling of all 136 PCDD/Fs is thus greatly facilitated by using ionic liquid columns or combinations including such columns. However, there is room for improvement in the technical performance of the evaluated ionic liquid columns: their long-term retention time stability was poor and some highly chlorinated and sterically hindered congeners underwent dehalogenation during separation.(C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 5. |
- Haglund, Peter, et al.
(author)
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Screening av dioxiner och dioxinlika ämnen i bröstmjölk, fet fisk och annan mat
- 2014
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Syftet med studien var att studera människans exponering för polybromerade dibenso-p-dioxiner och dibensofuraner (PBDD/F), polyklorerade naftalener (PCN) och polyklorerade dibenso-tiofener (PCDT) och avgöra i vilken mån denna exponering kan hänföras till föda. Ett annat syfte var att undersöka om den sammanlagda belastningen av denna typ av ämnen har ökat eller minskat över tid. Dessutom skulle en uppskattning göras av hur stor andel av dioxinreceptoraktiviteten som kan förklaras av PBDD/F, PCN, PCDT samt polyklorerade dibenso-p-dioxiner och dibensofuraner (PCDD/F) och dioxinlika PCBer.Förekomsten av dessa ämnen har undersökts i bröstmjölk insamlad mellan 1997 och 2011, ett antal individuella bröstmjölksprover (för att få en bättre uppfattning om den individuella haltvariationen), matkorgsprover samt vildfångad respektive odlad fisk. Halterna har sedan jämförts med motsvarande för PCDD/F och dioxinlika PCBer. De senare består av PCBer som har ett klor i de sk. orto-positionerna (mono-orto PCB; mo-PCB) eller saknar klor i dessa positioner (non-orto PCB; no-PCB). Den totala dioxinlika toxiciteten (TEQ) beräknades sedan teoretiskt och jämfördes med uppmätta värden från en biotest (DR CALUX).Totalhalten av PCN var relativt hög i modersmjölk, ca 10% av totalhalten av de dioxinlika PCB (dl-PCB). PBDD/F detekterades bara i något enstaka modersmjölksprov och PCDT detekterades inte alls. Vidare var halterna av PCN i princip konstanta över studieperioden (1997-2011) medan dioxinlika PCB och PCDD/F minskade över tid.PCDD/F stod för den största andelen av TEQ (ca 55%) följt av no-PCB (ca 40%) och mo-PCB (3,9 – 5,6%) och PCN (1,2 – 3,0%). PBDD/F återfanns bara över detektionsgränsen i ett prov från 2010 (1,6% av TEQ).TEQ-värden från CALUX-testet stämde mycket väl överens med TEQ-värden beräknade från resultat från kemiska analyser, vilket kan tolkas som att PCDD/F, no-PCB, mo-PCB och PCN bidrar mest till CALUX-TEQ responsen och att övriga dioxin-lika ämnen i proverna står för ett litet bidrag.Den individuella variationen var liknande för samtliga föroreningsgrupper. Totalhalterna av PCN varierade 6,7 gånger (relativ standardavvikelse, RSD 38%), dl-PCB varierade 4,8 gånger (RSD 51%), och PCDD/F varierade 3,1 gånger (RSD 40%).Total- och TEQ-halterna av de dioxinlika ämnena i fet vildfångad fisk följde samma mönster som mjölkproverna med högst halt av dl-PCB följt av PCN, PCDD/F, PBDD/F och PCDT. PBDD/F kunde dock kvantifieras i fler prover (4 av 11) och högst halt, 0,18 pg TEQ/g, uppmättes i sill från Västkusten (vilket motsvarar 14% av total-TEQ). Bidraget från PCN var relativt konstant på ca. 1,5%.Fiskdelen av matkorgen innehöll mest föroreningar följt av kött- och mejeriprodukter samt ägg. De ämnesgrupper som dominerade var dl-PCB och PCN. Dioxinlika PCB förekom i högre halter i fisk medan PCN förekom i högre halter i övriga varugrupper. Något oväntat påträffades PBDD/F i kött- och mejeriprodukter (från ICA) men inte i fisk/fiskprodukter. PBDD/F bidrog med 20% till total-TEQ i kött/köttprodukter och med 6,5% i mejeriprodukter (från en av två leverantörer). Bidragen från PCN var relativt konstant på 1% till 2,5%, dvs ungefär som det för mo-PCB (0,5-4,4%).
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| 7. |
- Remberger, Mikael, et al.
(author)
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Screening of Emerging Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs) and Polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDFs)
- 2014
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- As an assignment from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, a screening study of selected emerging brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDFs) has been carried out. Additional substances in the screening were polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated dibenzodioxins (PBDDs) and chlorinated dioxins and furans (PCDDs and PCDFs).The overall objective of this screening study was to determine the concentrations of selected BFRs and PBDFs in a variety of media in the Swedish environment. Additional aims were to assess possible emission sources and to highlight important transport pathways in the environment including large scale transport. An issue for the screening was also to investigate the presences of the BFRs in biota to give an indication if they pose an environmental risk. Possible human exposure was investigated by analysing BFRs in human blood samples and PBDFs in human milk samples.Measurements have been carried out both at background- and urban sites. The sampling was mainly performed at the Swedish west coast with Göteborg representing the urban area. Sediment and biota was sampled in the estuary of Göta Älv and in a background area.For identification of pathways to the environment storm water/sludge and samples from WWTPs were collected. Dust samples from different indoor environments were taken both at public spaces and in homes. Air and dust samples were collected at a recycling industry for electronic waste. Fire extinguishing water from a fire at a recycling industry was included in the sampling program.The emerging BFRs, PBDEs and PBDFs occurred in "high" concentrations in air and dust from the recycling industry. The occurrence of BFRs at this electronic waste facility shows that electronic articles contain these chemicals. BDE-209 and DBDPE were found in highest concentrations. DBDPE has similar applications as BDE-209 and it has been marketed as a general substitute for this chemical. The occurrence of PBDFs may indicate that the BFRs are contaminated or that PBDEs are transformed to PBDFs in the recycling processes.The presence of both the emerging BFRs and PBDEs in dust collected in a "new private car" shows that theses flame retardants are used in textiles and plastic details in newly manufactured cars. DBDPE and BDE-209 which are used as flame retardants in textiles occurred in high concentration. The simultaneous occurrence of high levels of PBDFs indicates presence in BFR formulations.The occurrences of the included BFRs in dust from different indoor environments indicates a wide application of these chemicals in articles and household products and that diffuse emissions of BFRs from consumer products may take place in the indoor environment. The differences in the distribution among the BFRs for the different dust samples indicate that tHigher ratios of PBDFs vs. BDE-209 were found in dust from environments that are likely to contain BFR containing plastics (offices and recycling facilities) than in dust from environments containing BFR treated textile products (car and conference center interiors). This may indicate that PBDFs are formed during production or use of flame retarded plastics.The emissions of BFRs and PBDFs will take place both to air and water. BFRs and PBDFs emitted indoors to air and to settled dust may via ventilation be transported to outdoor air. The presence of these pollutants in influent, effluent and sludge from municipal WWTPs also indicate that diffusive emissions from household products occur and that these chemicals may be emitted to the environment from WWTPs. The occurrence of the BFRs and PBDD/Fs in storm water and fire extinguishing water shows that this may also be pathways to the environment.Thus, the emerging BFRs and PBDFs were generally found in samples from WWTPs, storm water, indoor air and dust, indicating that they may be emitted and transported to the environment via these sources and pathways.Several of the emerging BFRs occurred in all the included environmental matrices except in atmospheric deposition. The concentrations in samples at urban sites were higher compared to background samples.Most of the emerging BFRs were detected in urban air, in the same levels or somewhat lower than BDE-47, -100 and -99. BDE-209 occurred in the highest concentrations. One of the emerging BFRs, HBB, was detected in background air, in the same concentration range as the PBDEs. It was found both at the Swedish West coast and in the remote area in Northern Finland, which shows the potential for atmospheric long range transport for HBB.PBDD/Fs were found in all air and deposition samples. There appears to be an annual variation in both PBDD/F and PCDD/F concentrations, with higher levels during winter. Significantly elevated levels were detected in May-June 2011, which coincided with extensive forest fires in southern Russia and Ukraine.In sediments, the emerging BFRs were only detected in a sample from Göta Älv near a former industrial site where they occurred in the same concentration level as the penta-BDEs.The occurrence of emerging BFRs in biota from background sites shows that these chemicals like the PBDEs are further spread to the ecosystem. The distribution of the BFRs differed between the various species as well as among the different sampling sites.The only emerging BFR detected in human sera was PBEB, which occurred in one out of 15 samples. PCDD/Fs were found in all human milk samples, but no PBDD/Fs were detected.
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