| 1. |
- Bonilla, Jorge, 1975, et al.
(author)
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Refunded Emission Payments and Diffusion of NOx Abatement Technologies in Sweden
- 2015
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In: Ecological Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-8009. ; 116, s. 132-145
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper studies how different NOx abatement technologies have diffused under the Swedish system of refunded emission payments (REP) and analyzes the determinants of the time to adoption. The policy, under which the charge revenues are refunded back to the regulated firms in proportion to energy output, was explicitly designed to affect investment in NOx-reducing technologies. The main finding is that REP had a significant effect on the adoption of post-combustion technologies. Moreover, we also find some indications that the effects of REP have been enhanced by the existing system of individual emission standards. In particular, the effect of REP speeding up the pace of adoption of post-combustion technologies is considerably larger in those counties where stringent standards are in place.
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| 2. |
- Coria, Jessica, 1979, et al.
(author)
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On Refunding of Emission Taxes and Technology Diffusion
- 2017
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In: Strategic Behavior and the Environment. - : Now Publishers. - 1944-012X .- 1944-0138. ; 6:3, s. 205-248
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We analyze the impacts on technology diffusion of an emission tax refunded in proportion to output market share — a policy modeled after existing systems in Sweden and France— and compare to the diffusion of an abatement technology under a standard emission tax. The results indicate that refunding can speed up diffusion if firms do not strategically influence the size of the refund. If they do, it is ambiguous whether diffusion is slower or faster than under a nonrefunded emission tax. Moreover, it is ambiguous whether refunding continues over time to provide larger incentives for technological upgrades than a nonrefunded emission tax, since the effects of refunding dissipate as the industry becomes cleaner. The overall conclusion is that the effects of refunding on technology diffusion critically depends on the regulated industry’s prior technological composition and its market structure.
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| 3. |
- Sterner, Thomas, 1952, et al.
(author)
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An Introduction to the Green Paradox: The Unintended Consequences of Climate Policies
- 2015
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In: Review of Environmental Economics and Policy. - : University of Chicago Press. - 1750-6824 .- 1750-6824 .- 1750-6816. ; 9:2, s. 246-265
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- How important is the Green Paradox? We address this question in three ways. First, we present a simple model explaining how announcing a future climate policy may increase carbon emissions today – the Green Paradox effect. This effect is a result of fossil fuel producers increasing their extraction today as a response to a reduction in future resource rents. Second, we examine the theoretical and empirical literature to assess whether green paradoxes are likely to occur, and if they are, whether they are big enough to be of concern for policy makers. We consider several factors that affect the existence of the green paradox, including long-term extraction costs, short-term extraction capacities, the mix of policy instruments, and potential spatial carbon leakage to countries that have no climate policy. We find that these and other factors can sometimes strengthen, but mostly weaken, the case for concern about the green paradox. Third, we identify the lessons the literature offers for policy makers. We argue that in designing climate policy, policy makers need to consider the supply side of the fossil fuel market.
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