| 1. |
- Conti, Giuseppina, et al.
(author)
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X-ray standing-wave spectroscopy : A powerful method for probing buried interfaces
- 2023
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In: Encyclopedia of Solid-Liquid Interfaces. - 9780323856690 ; 1-3, s. 1-335
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this chapter we present a non-destructive method for characterizing buried interfaces with high depth resolution combining X-rays standing wave and photoemission electron spectroscopy. This method incorporates the power of the X-rays photoelectron spectroscopy, which is a surface sensitive technique in the nanometer and sub-nanometer regime, with the depth selectivity of X-ray standing wave. This method has been successfully applied to study solid/solid interfaces and, more recently, solid/gas and solid/liquid interfaces, as we demonstrate on several examples. In addition, we also describe a few examples of liquid/solid interface characterization by standing wave X-ray fluorescence relevant for catalysis, energy science and biomedical applications.
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| 2. |
- Scardamaglia, Mattia, et al.
(author)
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Depth distribution of alkali metal ions on supported graphene in the presence of water
- 2023
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In: Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena. - : Elsevier BV. - 0368-2048. ; 262
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The interaction of alkali ions with multilayer graphene is critical in many applications, for example in energy storage devices. This requires a detailed understanding of ion interactions with carbonaceous layers. The mechanism of ion intercalation into graphene can be different from that observed for hard graphite. In this paper, we present an investigation of the vertical alkali ion (Na, K, Cs) distribution on multilayer graphene deposited onto SiO2 in vacuum and in the presence of water vapor using Standing Wave Ambient Pressure Photoemission Spectroscopy. It was found that Cs, K, and Na ions do not intercalate into multilayer graphene under vacuum conditions. The most likely reasons for this behavior are the reversibility of the process due to large inter-sheet spacing or lack of time for intercalation. When exposed to water vapor, Na ions intercalate soft carbon whereas Cs ions do not. This is a clear indication for the difference in the intercalation mechanisms on hard graphite and soft graphene.
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