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| 3. |
- Modin, Anders, et al.
(author)
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5 f-Shell correlation effects in dioxides of light actinides studied by O 1s x-ray absorption and emission spectroscopies and first-principles calculations
- 2015
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In: Journal of Physics. - : IOP Publishing. - 0953-8984 .- 1361-648X. ; 27:31
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Soft x-ray emission and absorption spectroscopic data are reported for the O 1s region of a single crystal of UO2, a polycrystalline NpO2 sample, and a single crystal of PuO2. The experimental data are interpreted using first-principles correlated-electron calculations within the framework of the density functional theory with added Coulomb U interaction (DFT+U). A detailed analysis regarding the origin of different structures in the x-ray emission and x-ray absorption spectra is given and the effect of varying the intra-atomic Coulomb interaction-U for the 5f electrons is investigated. Our data indicate that O 1s x-ray absorption and emission spectroscopies can, in combination with DFT+U calculations, successfully be used to study 5f-shell Coulomb correlation effects in dioxides of light actinides. The values for the Coulomb U parameter in these dioxides are derived to be in the range of 4-5 eV.
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| 4. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(author)
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Climate Change and National Self-Interest
- 2016
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In: Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. - : Springer. - 1187-7863 .- 1573-322X. ; 29:6, s. 1043-1055
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Mitigation of climate change is often described as a tragedy of the commons. According to this theoretical framework, it is collectively rational for present-generation countries to mitigate climate change, but not individually rational to do so. It is rather in national self-interest to ‘free-ride’ on the mitigation actions of other countries. In this paper, I discuss two arguments criticizing this view. According to these arguments, it is in most cases individually rational for present-generation countries to mitigate, i.e., it is in their national self-interest. The first argument focuses on national self-interest in terms of economic efficiency, the second on national self-interest in terms of national security. I conclude that the critical arguments to a large extent are tenable, but that they seem to underestimate the significance of those cases in which it is not in national self-interest to mitigate climate change. In these cases the tragedy of the commons framework is still applicable.
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| 5. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(author)
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Crisis management and public health : ethical principles for priority setting at a regional level in Sweden
- 2015
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In: Public Health Ethics. - : Oxford University Press. - 1754-9973 .- 1754-9981. ; 8:1, s. 72-84
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this article I analyse and discuss guidelines for priority setting in crisis management at a regional level in Sweden. The guidelines concern three types of crises: pandemics, large losses of electric power and interruptions in water supply. Pandemics are typical public health issues. Large losses of electric power and interruptions in water supply are in themselves not, but may have serious public health consequences. These guidelines are compared with guidelines for priority setting in health care. This is done because of the central position of health care in the management of many different types of crises. The comparison shows clear differences. In the analysis, I use a distinction between substantive principles of priority setting and process-oriented principles. Regarding substantive principles, I have found that the guidelines point in different directions. This seems acceptable, however, since they focus on different problems. Moreover, it seems possible to integrate the various context-dependent principles by relating them to higher order principles. Regarding process-oriented principles, I have found that how and to what extent these principles are applied in the guidelines vary. If we want to apply these principles in a more satisfying way, this would require a more systematic approach.
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| 6. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(author)
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Designing Preclinical Studies in Germline Gene Editing : Scientific and Ethical Aspects
- 2019
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In: Journal of Bioethical Inquiry. - : Springer Netherlands. - 1176-7529 .- 1872-4353. ; 16, s. 559-570
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Human germline gene editing is often debated in hypothetical terms: if it were safe and efficient, on what further conditions would it then be ethically acceptable? This paper takes another course. The key question is: how can scientists reduce uncertainty about safety and efficiency to a level that may justify initiation of first-time clinical trials? The only way to proceed is by well-designed preclinical studies. However, what kinds of investigation should preclinical studies include and what specific conditions should they satisfy in order to be considered well-designed? It is argued that multispecies and multigenerational animal studies are needed as well as human embryo editing without implantation. In order to be possible to translate to first-time clinical trials, animal studies need to satisfy strict conditions of validity. Moreover, embryo studies intended for translation to first-time clinical trials need to correspond to the animal studies in experimental design (with exception of implantation). Only in this way can uncertainty about risk for harm (safety) and prospect of benefit (efficiency) in first-time clinical trials be reduced to a modest level. If uncertainty is not reduced to such a level, first-time clinical trials in germline gene editing should not be initiated.
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| 7. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(author)
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Emerging technologies and vulnerable people: The case of assistive technologies for persons with dementia
- 2017
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Dementia has emerged as a problem to be tackled by various assistive technologies, for example, mobile safety alarms with GPS positioning, fall detectors and adapted internet for social contact. However, persons with dementia are vulnerable, suggesting that such technologies should be used with caution. It is a common experience among care professionals that persons with dementia often show resistiveness to care. This resistiveness is an indication of their vulnerable condition. They are sometimes not aware of what is in their best interest. In this paper I discuss how to handle resistiveness to assistive technologies among these patients. Some assistive technologies for persons with dementia can be beneficial provided that they are used with special consideration of their vulnerable condition. However, it can be a delicate task to overcome resistiveness while at the same time respecting their autonomy. I suggest how this can be done in a stepwise manner. Special attention is given to the concept of nudging. I also indicate under which circumstances some form of coercion might be justified.
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| 8. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(author)
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First-in-human trials on genome editing: Strategies for handling uncertainty about benefit and uncertainty about harm
- 2017
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Human genome editing can be carried out on somatic cells as well as on the germline. In this paper I discuss first-in-human trials on both types of editing. At first sight, risk and risk/benefit assessment might seem to be key issues in such trials. However, according to decision theory, risk presupposes numerical values. In ‘decision-making under risk’, decisionmakers have sufficient information to assign probabilities to alternative outcomes. This is not the case in first-in-human trials. These trials are rather characterized by ‘decision-making under uncertainty’. My overall objective is to clarify the implications of uncertainty about benefit and uncertainty about harm in first-in-human trials on genome editing. A special aim is to analyse strategies for handling uncertainty.
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| 9. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(author)
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Genes, body clocks and prevention of sleep problems
- 2016
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In: Medicine, Health care and Philosophy. - : Springer Netherlands. - 1386-7423 .- 1572-8633. ; 19:4, s. 569-579
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Chronobiologists argue that their scientific findings have implications for prevention of sleep problems. They claim that some sleep problems are caused by the fact that people live against their individual body clock rather than adjusted to it. They also claim that by taking the findings of chronobiology seriously in policy-making some sleep problems can be prevented. I investigate applications of chronobiology in two social areas—school schedules and shift work—and show that in order for these applications to be justified certain implicit presumptions have to be justified. The first presumption is explanatory, namely that a chronobiological explanation is an adequate explanation of the sleep problems at hand. In addition I analyse three ethical presumptions. The first ethical presumption is that sleep is of vital value. The second is that sleep is not an exclusively private issue. The third ethical presumption is that the preventive measures to be undertaken are ethically acceptable. My main point is that it is not possible to simply “read off” policy measures from the empirical findings of chronobiology.
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| 10. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(author)
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How to respond to resistiveness towards assistive technologies among persons with dementia
- 2018
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In: Medicine, Health care and Philosophy. - : Springer. - 1386-7423 .- 1572-8633. ; 21:3, s. 411-421
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- It is a common experience among care professionals that persons with dementia often say ‘no’ to conventional caring measures such as taking medication, eating or having a shower. This tendency to say ‘no’ may also concern the use of assistive technologies such as fall detectors, mobile safety alarms, Internet for social contact and robots. This paper provides practical recommendations for care professionals in home health care and social care about how to respond to such resistiveness towards assistive technologies. Apart from the option of accepting the ‘no’, it discusses a number of methods for influencing persons with dementia in order to overcome the ‘no’. These methods range from various non-coercive measures—including nudging—to coercion. It is argued that while conventional caring measures like those mentioned are essential for survival, health or hygiene, assistive technologies are commonly merely potentially beneficial supplements. With this in mind, it is concluded that care professionals should be more restrictive in using methods of influence involving some degree of pressure regarding assistive technologies than regarding conventional caring measures.
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