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- Lauria, A., et al.
(author)
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BMI is an important driver of beta-cell loss in type 1 diabetes upon diagnosis in 10 to 18-year-old children
- 2015
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In: European Journal of Endocrinology. - : BioScientifica. - 0804-4643 .- 1479-683X. ; 172:2, s. 107-113
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: Body weight-related insulin resistance probably plays a role in progression to type 1 diabetes, but has an uncertain impact following diagnosis. In this study, we investigated whether BMI measured at diagnosis was an independent predictor of C-peptide decline 1-year post-diagnosis. Design: Multicentre longitudinal study carried out at diagnosis and up to 1-year follow-up. Methods: Data on C-peptide were collected from seven diabetes centres in Europe. Patients were grouped according to age at diagnosis (less than5 years, n = 126; greater than5 years less than10 years, n = 295; greater than10 years less than18 years, n = 421; greater than18 years, n = 410). Linear regression was used to investigate whether BMI was an independent predictor of change in fasting C-peptide over 1 year. Models were additionally adjusted for baseline insulin dose and HbA1c. Results: In individuals diagnosed between 0 and 5 years, 5 and 10 years and those diagnosed greater than18 years, we found no association between BMI and C-peptide decline. In patients aged 10-18 years, higher BMI at baseline was associated with a greater decline in fasting C-peptide over 1 year with a decrease (beta 95% CI; P value) of 0.025 (0.010, 0.041) nM/kg per m(2) higher baseline BMI (P = 0.001). This association remained significant after adjusting for gender and differences in HbA1c and insulin dose (beta = 0.026, 95% CI = 0.0097, 0.042; P = 0.002). Conclusions: These observations indicate that increased body weight and increased insulin demand are associated with more rapid disease progression after diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in an age group 10-18 years. This should be considered in studies of beta-cell function in type 1 diabetes.
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| 2. |
- Nordwall, Maria, et al.
(author)
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Comment: Response to Comment on Nordwall et al. Impact of HbA1c, Followed From Onset of Type 1 Diabetes, on the Development of Severe Retinopathy and Nephropathy: The VISS Study (Vascular Diabetic Complications in Southeast Sweden). Diabetes Care 2015;38:308-315
- 2015
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In: Diabetes Care. - : American Diabetes Association. - 0149-5992 .- 1935-5548. ; 38:8, s. e124-
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- We thank Dr. Takahara (1) for the comment on our recent article exploring the impact of HbA1c, followed from diabetes onset, on the development of severe microvascular complications (2). As suggested, we have validated our results with Cox hazards analysis with severe microvascular events, i.e., laser-treated proliferative retinopathy and macroalbuminuria as a dependent variable and HbA1c (mmol/mol) as a time-dependent covariate.For laser-treated proliferative retinopathy, we found a hazard ratio of 1.038 (95% CI 1.025–1.052, P < 0.001) and for macroalbuminuria, a hazard ratio of 1.075 (95% CI 1.050–1.100, P < 0.001).Analyzing our data with Cox hazards analysis thus shows the strong influence of long-term HbA1c on severe microvascular complications, in agreement with our previous conclusions.In our article, we chose to analyze and present the results in a way that was perhaps easier for a clinician to interpret and apply in clinical routine. With life-table analysis we found that the incidence of both laser-treated proliferative retinopathy and macroalbuminuria increased sharply and occurred earlier with increasing long-term weighted mean HbA1c. In the same manner, the prevalence of microvascular complications increased steeply with higher long-term weighted mean HbA1c, categorized in different groups.In conclusion, our study irrespective of statistical methods shows a strong association between development of late complications and long-term mean HbA1c, and keeping the average HbA1c below 7.6% (60 mmol/mol) seemed sufficient to prevent microvascular complications for at least up to 20 years.
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| 3. |
- Nordwall, Maria, et al.
(author)
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Impact of Age of Onset, Puberty, and Glycemic Control Followed From Diagnosis on Incidence of Retinopathy in Type 1 Diabetes : The VISS Study
- 2019
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In: Diabetes Care. - Arlington, VA, United States : American Diabetes Association. - 0149-5992 .- 1935-5548. ; 42:4, s. 609-616
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVE To evaluate sex, age at diabetes onset, puberty, and HbA1c, with subjects followed from diabetes diagnosis and during different time periods, as risk factors for developing diabetic simplex and proliferative retinopathy.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In a population-based observational study, HbA1c for 451 patients diagnosed with diabetes before 35 years of age during 1983–1987 in southeast Sweden was followed for up to 18–24 years from diagnosis. Long-term mean weighted HbA1c(wHbA1c) was calculated. Retinopathy was evaluated by fundus photography and analyzed in relation to wHbA1c levels.RESULTS Lower wHbA1c, diabetes onset ≤5 years of age, and diabetes onset before puberty, but not sex, were associated with longer time to appearance of simplex retinopathy. Proliferative retinopathy was associated only with wHbA1c. The time to first appearance of any retinopathy decreased with increasing wHbA1c. Lower wHbA1c after ≤5 years’ diabetes duration was associated with later onset of simplex retinopathy but not proliferative retinopathy. With time, most patients developed simplex retinopathy, except for those of the category wHbA1c≤50 mmol/mol (6.7%), for which 20 of 36 patients were without any retinopathy at the end of the follow-up in contrast to none of 49 with wHbA1c >80 mmol/mol (9.5%).CONCLUSIONS Onset at ≤5 years of age and lower wHbA1c the first 5 years after diagnosis are associated with longer duration before development of simplex retinopathy. There is a strong positive association between long-term mean HbA1c measured from diagnosis and up to 20 years and appearance of both simplex and proliferative retinopathy.
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| 4. |
- Nordwall, Maria, et al.
(author)
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Impact of HbA(1c), Followed From Onset of Type 1 Diabetes, on the Development of Severe Retinopathy and Nephropathy: The VISS Study (Vascular Diabetic Complications in Southeast Sweden)
- 2015
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In: Diabetes Care. - : American Diabetes Association. - 0149-5992 .- 1935-5548. ; 38:2, s. 308-315
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVEHbA(1c) is strongly related to the development of diabetes complications, but it is still controversial which HbA(1c) level to strive for in the treatment of type 1 diabetes. The aim of the current study was to evaluate HbA(1c), followed from diagnosis, as a predictor of severe microvascular complications and to formulate HbA(1c) target levels for treatment.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSA longitudinal observation study followed an unselected population of 451 patients diagnosed with type 1 diabetes during 1983-1987 before the age of 35 years in a region of Southeast Sweden. Retinopathy was evaluated by fundus photography and nephropathy data collected from medical records. HbA(1c) was measured starting from diagnosis and during the whole follow-up period of 20-24 years. Long-term weighted mean HbA(1c) was then calculated. Complications were analyzed in relation to HbA(1c) levels.RESULTSThe incidence of proliferative retinopathy and persistent macroalbuminuria increased sharply and occurred earlier with increasing long-term mean HbA(1c). None of the 451 patients developed proliferative retinopathy or persistent macroalbuminuria below long-term weighted mean HbA(1c) 7.6% (60 mmol/mol); 51% of the patients with long-term mean HbA(1c) above 9.5% (80 mmol/mol) developed proliferative retinopathy and 23% persistent macroalbuminuria.CONCLUSIONSLong-term weighted mean HbA(1c), measured from diagnosis, is closely associated with the development of severe complications in type 1 diabetes. Keeping HbA(1c) below 7.6% (60 mmol/mol) as a treatment target seems to prevent proliferative retinopathy and persistent macroalbuminuria for up to 20 years.
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