| 1. |
- Bröjer, Johan, et al.
(author)
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A modified oral sugar test for evaluation of insulin and glucose dynamics in horses
- 2016
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In: Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-605X .- 1751-0147. ; 58
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: An oral sugar test (OST) using Karo (R) Light Corn Syrup has been developed in the USA as a field test for the assessment of insulin dysregulation in horses but the syrup is not available in Scandinavian grocery stores. The aim of the study was to compare the results of a modified OST between horses with equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) and healthy horses using a Scandinavian commercially available glucose syrup (Dansukker glykossirap). In addition, the effect of breed and the repeatability of the test were evaluated. In the present study, clinically healthy horses (7 Shetland ponies, 8 Icelandic horses, 8 Standardbred horses) and 20 horses of various breeds with EMS underwent the modified OST test. The Icelandic horses and Shetland ponies underwent the OST twice. Insulin and glucose data from the OST were used to calculate peak insulin concentration (Peak(INS)), time to peak insulin concentration (T-peak(INS)), area under the curve for insulin (AUC(INS)) and glucose (AUC(GLU)) as well as whole body insulin sensitivity index (ISICOMP).Results: Compared to the healthy group, the EMS group had 6-7 times higher geometric mean for Peak(INS) and AUC(INS) and 8 times lower geometric mean for ISICOMP. The EMS group had a delayed T-peak(INS) compared to the healthy group. There was no effect of breed in the group of healthy horses on Peak(INS), T-peak(INS), AUC(INS), AUC(GLU) and ISICOMP. Coefficient of variation for repeated tests was 19.8, 19.0 and 17.6 % for Peak(INS), AUC(INS) and ISICOMP respectively.Conclusions: The results of the present study demonstrate that the modified OST appears to be a practical and useful diagnostic tool for assessment of insulin dysregulation in the horse. However, to make it possible to establish the most appropriate sampling interval and to evaluate the accuracy of the modified OST, further studies in horses with a variable degree of insulin resistance are needed, where results from the modified OST are compared with quantitative measurements for IS.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Larsdotter Davey, Sara, et al.
(author)
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Serum thymidine kinase activity in clinically healthy and diseased horses: A potential marker for lymphoma
- 2015
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In: Veterinary Journal. - : Elsevier BV. - 1090-0233 .- 1532-2971. ; 205, s. 313-316
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Serum thymidine kinase (sTK) activity is a tumour marker used as a prognostic indicator for lymphoma in humans, dogs and cats. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical utility of sTK as a biomarker for lymphoma in horses. Serum samples were collected from clinically normal horses (n = 37), horses with lymphoma (n = 23), horses with non-haematopoietic neoplasia (n = 9) and horses with inflammatory disease (n = 14). sTK was measured using a radioenzyme assay. A reference cut-off value of <2.7 U/L (mean + 2 standard deviations, SDs) was established using data from clinically normal horses. sTK activity (mean +/- SD) was 26.3 +/- 91.5 U/L (range 0.8-443 U/L) for horses with lymphoma, 2.3 +/- 1.4 U/L (range 0.6-5.7 U/L) for horses with non-haematopoietic neoplasia and 1.5 +/- 0.6 U/L (range 0.6-2.8 U/L) for horses with inflammatory disease. Horses with lymphoma had significantly higher sTK activity than horses without clinical signs of disease (P<0.01), horses with inflammatory disease (P<0.01) and horses with non-haematopoietic neoplasia (P<0.05). sTK activity is a potentially useful biomarker for equine lymphoma. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 4. |
- Lilliehöök, Inger, et al.
(author)
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Time-related changes in equine neutrophils after experimental endotoxemia: myeloperoxidase staining, size, and numbers
- 2016
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In: Veterinary Clinical Pathology. - : Wiley. - 0275-6382 .- 1939-165X. ; 45, s. 66-72
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Neutrophil myeloperoxidase content is determined by the Advia 2120 hematology system by staining characteristics. Changes in myeloperoxidase staining are shown by location of neutrophils on Advia peroxidase dot plots and as myeloperoxidase index (MPXI). Significant changes in MPXI have been reported during severe inflammation in horses, dogs, and people but conclusions were inconsistent.Objectives: Infusion of endotoxin was used to initiate an inflammatory stimulus under controlled conditions and over a longer time period than in previous studies to document kinetics of changes in neutrophil numbers, morphology, and myeloperoxidase staining. Identification of consistent time-related changes may allow better interpretation of changes in neutrophil characteristics during inflammation.Materials: Five Standardbred trotting horses received an intravenous infusion over a 6-hour period with Escherichia coli endotoxin. Neutrophil count, MPXI, neutrophil characteristics in Advia 2120 Perox dot plots and neutrophil morphology in blood smears were monitored with repeated sampling for up to 10 days.Results: Endotoxin infusion immediately caused severe neutropenia which converted to neutrophilia 14 hours after start of endotoxin infusion. Neutrophilia was still present 78 hours after start of infusion. Large giant neutrophils first appeared in blood smears and Advia Perox dot plots after 36-48 hours. A marked and consistent decrease in MPXI was seen in all horses 6 days (150 hours) after endotoxin exposure.Conclusions: Endotoxemia caused prominent, time-related changes in equine neutrophil characteristics including emergence of giant neutrophils and markedly decreased MPXI several days after endotoxin infusion.
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| 5. |
- Müller, Cecilia, et al.
(author)
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Methods for reduction of water soluble carbohydrate content in grass forages for horses
- 2016
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In: Livestock Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 1871-1413 .- 1878-0490. ; 186, s. 46-52
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A large number of factors influence water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentration in forages. Four of these were studied; effect of conservation method (silage, haylage, hay); effect of using bacterial inoculants in silage and haylage; effect of storage time; and effect of soaking. Grass forage was harvested as silage (400 g dry matter (DM)/kg) and haylage (600 g DM/kg) in laboratory silos and as hay (840 g DM/kg). Silage and haylage were preserved with and without a bacterial inoculant. All forages were sampled at 3, 6,12 and 18 months of storage. Forages stored for 3 and 12 months were soaked in water for 12 and 24 h to evaluate soaking as a method to reduce WSC concentration. Concentrations of glucose, fructose, sucrose and fructans were analysed using an enzymatic-spectrophotometric method and total WSC concentration calculated as the sum of these. Conservation method influenced concentration of WSC and its components, as silage had lower content of glucose, fructose and WSC compared to haylage and hay; and silage and haylage contained less sucrose and fructans compared to hay (P < 0.001). Use of inoculants in haylage and silage resulted in lower fructose concentration in silage (P=0.03) but not in haylage. No consistent effects of storage time on concentration of WSC and its components were present. Soaking for 12 h reduced concentration of fructose and WSC in silage to approximately half of the initial concentration before soaking (P=0.001). For haylage, soaking for 12 h resulted in approximately half of the concentration of initial glucose, fructose and WSC (P < 0.001), but no further reduction in these components was present after 24 h soaking time. For hay, soaking for 12 h resulted in 50% of glucose, 70% of fructose, 15% of sucrose and 40% of fructan concentrations compared to initial contents (P < 0.02). Soaking hay for 24 h resulted in further reduction of glucose and WSC concentrations (P < 0.001). Concentration of WSC was lower in silage compared to haylage and hay due to the utilization of WSC components by lactic acid bacteria during ensiling. Concentration of WSC in silage before soaking (24 g/kg DM) was also lower than in hay after soaking for 24 h (38 g/kg DM), meaning thatpreserving forage as silage was more effective in reducing WSC concentration than soaking of hay. If the goal is to produce forage with low WSC concentration, preservation as silage should be preferred over hay-making. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 6. |
- Müller, Cecilia, et al.
(author)
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Microbial counts in forages for horses - effect of storage time and of water soaking before feeding
- 2015
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In: Journal of Equine Veterinary Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0737-0806 .- 1542-7412. ; 35, s. 622-627
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Soaking of hay in water before feeding has become common practice in equine feeding to reduce number of respirable particles or content of nonstructural carbohydrates. It is, however, not known if soaking may increase general microbial load in different forages. A study was therefore performed where microbial composition of silage, haylage, and hay was analyzed before and after soaking in water for 24 hours. As storage time may also influence microbial composition of forages, the soaking procedure was evaluated after two different storage periods. Results showed that soaking increased counts of yeasts, enterobacteria, and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and decreased mold counts. Although mold counts in hay decreased with soaking (from log 4.7 to log 3.6 colony-forming units [CFUs]/g), soaked hay still contained greater (P < .001) numbers of molds compared with silage and haylage presoaking. Counts of enterobacteria increased (P < .001) with soaking in silage (from log 1.1 to 2.7 CFU/g) and haylage (from 1.7 to 4.8 CFU/g) but not in hay (log 4.9 and 5.1 CFU/g before and after soaking). Count of yeast and LAB generally increased by soaking (P <= .004). Soaking forage for 24 hours may therefore reduce the hygienic quality of forage. Increased storage time (from 3 to 12 months) resulted in decreased counts of molds in hay (from log 4.8 to 3.5 CFU/g; P < .001) and decreased counts of LAB in silage (from log 8.1 to 6.6 CFU/g; P < .001) as well as in haylage (from log 6.9 to log 4.8 CFU/g; P < .001). (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 7. |
- Nostell, Katarina, et al.
(author)
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Blood pressure in Warmblood horses before and during a euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp
- 2016
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In: Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1751-0147. ; 58
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Insulin resistance (IR) in humans is related to hypertension and impaired vasodilation. Insulin administration has been shown to lower blood pressure both in insulin resistant as well as in insulin sensitive individuals. The aim of the study was to investigate the association between insulin sensitivity and alterations in blood pressure in healthy horses before and after a euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp (EHC). A 3-h EHC was performed in 13 healthy horses (11 mares, 2 geldings). Blood samples for measurement of plasma glucose and insulin were collected before the start of the EHC, every 10 min during the EHC and immediately after the EHC. Mean, systolic- and diastolic blood pressure was measured before and during the final 10 min of the EHC using an indirect high-definition oscillometric monitor (HDO, horse model) applied to the middle of the coccygeal artery. Five consecutive measurements were made in each horse and on each occasion. Insulin and glucose data from the EHC were used to calculate the mean rate of glucose disposal per unit of insulin during steady state (M/I ratio). Insulin resistance was defined as a M/I ratio <5 mg/kg/min/mUL (Lindase et al. in Am J Vet Res 77: 300-309, 2016).Results: Insulin administration decreased systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure in all horses. The M/I ratio for all horses was negatively correlated with the decrease in systolic blood pressure (r(2) = 0.55, P = 0.004) and mean arterial pressure (r(2) = 0.31, P = 0.048) but not diastolic blood pressure (r(2) = 0.12, P = 0.26). Eight horses were defined as insulin resistant (IR) and five horses had normal insulin sensitivity. The five horses with normal insulin sensitivity showed a greater decrease in systolic blood pressure (-17.0 +/- 7.4 vs. -3.4 +/- 4.6 mmHg, P = 0.001) and MAP (19.2 +/- 14.7 vs. 6.9 +/- 8.7 mmHg, P = 0.04) than IR horses. There was no difference in the decrease in diastolic blood pressure between groups (16 +/- 12.8 vs. 8.9 +/- 12.1 mmHg, P = 0.17).Conclusions: This study indicates that there is a relationship between insulin sensitivity and systolic and MAP in horses. However, studies on a larger number of horses are needed to confirm this association.
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| 8. |
- Nostell, Katarina
(author)
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Evaluation of the foal survival score in a Danish-Swedish population of neonatal foals upon hospital admission
- 2019
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In: Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. - : Wiley. - 0891-6640 .- 1939-1676. ; 33, s. 1507-1513
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background It is highly desirable to assess the probability of survival in sick neonatal foals upon admission. The foal survival score (FSS) is a published scoring system used to estimate the probability of survival in hospitalized neonatal foals Five-hundred ninety hospitalized neonatal foals <= 14 days of age. Methods Retrospective Danish-Swedish multicenter study that included details of signalment, history, clinical examination, laboratory results, necropsy findings, and outcome. Scores and score variables were compared between survivors and nonsurvivors using logistic regression. The optimal cutoff and its test parameters were calculated using a receiver operator characteristic curve. Results Prematurity, cold extremities, >= 2 infectious or inflammatory sites, blood glucose concentration, and total white blood cell counts were significantly associated with nonsurvival (P <= .02). The optimal cutoff to predict survival was >= 6, resulting in sensitivity 78%, specificity 58%, 92% positive predictive value, and 31% negative predictive value. The test performed equally well in foals <4 days old compared to those 4-14 days old. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Using the suggested optimal cutoff of >= 6, the FSS performed moderately well and may aid in early determination of prognosis for survival. However, the FSS did perform differently in another population and therefore should be assessed under local conditions so that its diagnostic potential is not overestimated.
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| 9. |
- Nostell, Katarina, et al.
(author)
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The effect of insulin infusion on heart rate and systemic blood pressure in horses with equine metabolic syndrome
- 2019
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In: Equine Veterinary Journal. - : Wiley. - 0425-1644 .- 2042-3306. ; 51, s. 733-737
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background There is little evidence that horses with equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) have higher resting blood pressures than horses with normal insulin sensitivity. However, there are indications that EMS horses have an altered dynamic response to the cardiovascular effects of insulin. Objectives To examine heart rate and the systemic blood pressure response in EMS and control horses during insulin infusion. Study design Cross-sectional study. Methods Horses were examined with an oral sugar test (OST) and a euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp (EHC). Based on the results from the OST, the horses were classified as either EMS or control. Blood pressure was measured before the start of the EHC and at 60, 120 and 180 min of the EHC. Results There were 16 EMS and 12 control horses. Mean resting heart rate was higher for EMS horses compared with control (35.6 +/- 5.1 vs. 30.3 +/- 3.5 beats/min). Systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure did not differ between groups at the start of the EHC. Blood pressure decreased gradually during the EHC in the control group, whereas the EMS group showed no decline in systolic, diastolic or mean arterial pressure. Main limitations Limited number of horses. Conclusions Horses with EMS have cardiovascular changes that affect resting heart rate and systemic blood pressure during insulin infusion.
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| 10. |
- Truelsen Lindåse, Sanna, et al.
(author)
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Effects of diet-induced weight gain and turnout to pasture on insulin sensitivity in moderately insulin-resistant horses
- 2016
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In: American Journal of Veterinary Research. - : American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA). - 0002-9645. ; 77, s. 300-309
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVETo quantify insulin sensitivity and monitor glucose, insulin, and lipid concentrations in a group of moderately insulin-resistant horses during induction of obesity by use of a forage diet supplemented with fat and during subsequent turnout to pasture.ANIMALS9 adult Standardbred mares (11 to 20 years old).PROCEDURESWeight gain of horses was induced during 22 weeks by use of a forage diet supplemented with fat fed in gradually increasing amounts, followed by feeding of that fat-supplemented diet at 2.5 times the daily maintenance requirements. Horses were then turned out to pasture. Insulin sensitivity was measured with the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp method before and after weight gain and after 4 weeks at pasture. Body weight, body condition score, and cresty neck score as well as fasting and postprandial concentrations of plasma insulin, plasma glucose, serum triglyceride, and serum nonesterified fatty acids were measured during the study.RESULTSBody weight typically increased by 10%, and body condition score (scale, 1 to 9) increased by >1.5 from the start to the end of the weight-gain period. There was no difference in insulin sensitivity or metabolic clearance rate of insulin during the weight-gain period. Four weeks at pasture generally improved insulin sensitivity and metabolic clearance rate of insulin by 54% and 32%, respectively, but there was no change in body weight or body condition score.CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCEFindings indicated that dietary composition played a more important role than did short-term weight gain on alterations in insulin sensitivity of horses.
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