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- Aamodt, K., et al.
(author)
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The ALICE experiment at the CERN LHC
- 2008
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In: Journal of Instrumentation. - 1748-0221. ; 3:S08002
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) is a general-purpose, heavy-ion detector at the CERN LHC which focuses on QCD, the strong-interaction sector of the Standard Model. It is designed to address the physics of strongly interacting matter and the quark-gluon plasma at extreme values of energy density and temperature in nucleus-nucleus collisions. Besides running with Pb ions, the physics programme includes collisions with lighter ions, lower energy running and dedicated proton-nucleus runs. ALICE will also take data with proton beams at the top LHC energy to collect reference data for the heavy-ion programme and to address several QCD topics for which ALICE is complementary to the other LHC detectors. The ALICE detector has been built by a collaboration including currently over 1000 physicists and engineers from 105 Institutes in 30 countries, Its overall dimensions are 16 x 16 x 26 m(3) with a total weight of approximately 10 000 t. The experiment consists of 18 different detector systems each with its own specific technology choice and design constraints, driven both by the physics requirements and the experimental conditions expected at LHC. The most stringent design constraint is to cope with the extreme particle multiplicity anticipated in central Pb-Pb collisions. The different subsystems were optimized to provide high-momentum resolution as well as excellent Particle Identification (PID) over a broad range in momentum, up to the highest multiplicities predicted for LHC. This will allow for comprehensive studies of hadrons, electrons, muons, and photons produced in the collision of heavy nuclei. Most detector systems are scheduled to be installed and ready for data taking by mid-2008 when the LHC is scheduled to start operation, with the exception of parts of the Photon Spectrometer (PHOS), Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) and Electro Magnetic Calorimeter (EMCal). These detectors will be completed for the high-luminosity ion run expected in 2010. This paper describes in detail the detector components as installed for the first data taking in the summer of 2008.
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| 3. |
- Govind, Satish C., et al.
(author)
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Impaired Myocardial Functional Reserve in Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus Without Coronary Artery Disease: Searching for the Possible Link With Congestive Heart Failure in the Myocardial Doppler in Diabetes (MYDID) Study II
- 2006
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In: American Journal of Hypertension. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0895-7061 .- 1941-7225. ; 19:8, s. 851-857
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Although the impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HTN) on myocardial function has recently been studied using tissue Doppler echocardiography (TDE), the independent role of both conditions, and the influence of other risk factors on myocardial function has not been completely defined, particularly in absence of coronary artery disease (CAD). The aim of this study was to assess the myocardial functional reserve in patients with DM or HTN with apparently normal left ventricular (LV) systolic function. Methods: Standard and dobutamine stress echocardiography using TDE was performed in 128 subjects: 59 had DM, 20 had HTN, 27 had both DM and HTN (HTN + DM), and 22 subjects were controls (C). Subjects with known CAD and depressed LV function were excluded. In addition, standard two-dimensional and Doppler measurements, LV regional peak systolic (PSV), early (E') and late (A') diastolic velocities, strain (S%) and strain rate (SR), were assessed at rest and peak stress. Results: The LV mass did not differ, although relative wall thickness was significantly higher in subjects with HTN + DM and HTN. The PSV did not differ at rest but was lowest in subjects with HTN + DM at peak stress. The E' wave velocity was significantly lower in subjects with HTN + DM both at rest and during peak stress, as were S% and SR. Conclusions: The addition of DM to HTN has a negative effect on LV systolic and diastolic functions. A depressed myocardial functional reserve might be postulated as one of the pathophysiologic mechanisms for the excessive occurrence of congestive heart failure in patients with DM or HTN.
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| 4. |
- Govind, Satish C., et al.
(author)
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Isolated Type 2 Diabetes mellitus Causes Myocardial Dysfunction That Becomes Worse in the Presence of Cardiovascular Diseases : Results of the Myocardial Doppler in Diabetes (MYDID): Study 1
- 2005
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In: Cardiology. - : S. Karger AG. - 0008-6312 .- 1421-9751. ; 103:4, s. 189-195
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aims: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) often suffer disproportionately and have a worse outcome when burdened with cardiovascular complications compared with those without DM. A specific heart muscle disease reportedly caused by DM per se may explain this. We sought to investigate whether an echo Doppler diagnosis of such a myocardial disease is clinically relevant in DM with or without coexistent coronary artery disease (CAD) and/or hypertension ( HTN). Subjects and Methods: Two hundred subjects (127 males, 73 females, 56 +/- 10 years) including controls (n=23), patients with HTN (n=20), CAD (n=35), uncomplicated DM (n=59), DM+HTN (n=27), DM+ CAD (n=16) and DM+CAD+HTN (n=20) underwent tissue Doppler-enhanced dobutamine stress echocardiography. Myocardial function was assessed by measuring left ventricular myocardial peak systolic velocity (PSV) and early diastolic velocity at rest and during peak stress, besides measurements of standard Doppler variables. Results: Average left ventricular PSV at rest was significantly lower in CAD (4.7 +/- 1.5) compared with controls (5.7 center dot +/- 1.2) and in DM+CAD+HTN (4.6 +/- 1.4) compared with DM (5.6 +/- 1.3; all p < 0.05). During peak stress, lower PSV persisted in CAD (9.5 +/- 3.1) and DM+CAD+HTN (8.1 +/- 2.7), while appearing de novo in DM (11.3 +/- 2.6) and HTN (11.0 +/- 2.3) unlike in the controls (12.5 +/- 2.5; all p < 0.001). When pooled together, DM subjects with CAD and/or HTN or both had significantly lower PSV (9.1 +/- 2.7) than those without (10.0 +/- 2.8; p < 0.001). Early diastolic velocity response was equally lower in both groups compared with the controls. Conclusion: The results suggest that dobutamine stress unmasks myocardial functional disturbances caused by uncomplicated DM. The discrete disturbances become quantitatively more pronounced in the presence of coexistent cardiovascular diseases.
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