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- Rhodin, Marie, et al.
(author)
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Back kinematics of healthy trotting horses during treadmill versus over ground locomotion
- 2009
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In: Equine Veterinary Journal. - 0425-1644 .- 2042-3306. ; 41, s. 297-300
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Reasons for performing study: Treadmill locomotion is frequently used for training of sport horses, for diagnostic purposes and for research. Identification of the possible biomechanical differences and similarities between the back movement during treadmill (T) and over ground (0) locomotion is essential for the correct interpretation of research results.Objectives: To compare the kinematics of the thoracolumbar vertebral column in treadmill and over ground locomotion in healthy horses.Methods: Six sound Dutch Warmblood horses trotted on a T and 0 during 10 s at their own preferred velocity (mean +/- s.d. 3.6 +/- 0.3 m/s T and 3.6 +/- 0.1 m/s O), which was the same in both conditions. Kinematics of the vertebral column was captured by infrared cameras using reflective skin markers attached over the spinous processes of selected vertebrae and other locations. Flexion-extension and lateral bending range of motion (ROM), angular motion pattern (AMP) and intravertebral pattern symmetry (IVPS) of 5 vertebral angles (T6-T10-T13, T10-T13-T17, T13-T17-L1, T17-L1-L3 and L1-L3-15) were calculated. Neck angle, linear and temporal stride parameters and protraction-retraction angles of the limbs were also calculated.Results: The vertical ROM (flexion-extension) was similar in both conditions,, but the horizontal ROM (lateral bending) of the lumbar angles T17-L1-L3 and L1-L3-L5 was less during T locomotion (mean +/- s.d. difference of 1.8 +/- 0.6 and 1.7 +/- 0.9 degrees, respectively, P>0.05). During 0 locomotion, the symmetry pattern of the lumbar vertebral angles was diminished from 0.9 to 0.7 (1 = 100% symmetry) indicating increased irregularity of the movement (P>0.05). No differences were found in the basic linear and temporal stride parameters and neck angle.Potential relevance: Vertebral kinematics during treadmill locomotion is not identical to over ground locomotion, but the differences are minor. During treadmill locomotion lumbar motion is less, and caution should be therefore taken when interpreting lumbar kinematics.
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- Roepstorff, Lars, et al.
(author)
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Kinetics and kinematics of the horse comparing left and right rising trot
- 2009
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In: Equine Veterinary Journal. - 0425-1644 .- 2042-3306. ; 41, s. 292-296
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Reasons for performing study: At rising trot the rider sits alternately down on one diagonal pair of limbs and rises up on the other. The possible effects on asymmetry of locomotion induced by rising trot have rarely been studied.Objectives: To demonstrate whether, and if so to what extent, rising trot causes asymmetrical loading in the vertical ground reaction force (VGRF) and/or asymmetrical effects on the locomotion pattern, comparing left and right side.Methods: Seven elite horses were ridden in left and right rising trot on a treadmill, while VGRF and kinematics were measured, with the horses' neck raised, the poll high and the bridge of the nose slightly in front of the vertical.Results: Force loading was generally increased in the limbs of the sitting diagonal. The lumbar back was lower between mid-stances of the sitting and nonsitting stance, pelvic roll was limited and the tuber coxae heights were lower on the sitting side. Maximal hindlimb protraction was decreased. Forelimb retraction was increased and the T6 height decreased.Conclusion: The rider movement induces an uneven biphasic load that affects the back, pelvis and limb kinematics and VGRF.Potential relevance: The generally advocated technique of alternating limbs when riding in rising trot is supported. The VGRF changes between rising on the left or right diagonal were distinct, but minor in absolute terms and therefore unlikely to have direct impact on the occurrence of locomotor injuries. Knowledge of an increase of asymmetry in rising trot is potentially useful for riders/trainers.
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