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- Hennemuth-Oberle, B., Rutgersson, A., Omstedt, A., Bumke, K., Clemens, M., Jacob, D. and Smedman, A.
(author)
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: Net precipitation over the Baltic Sea for one year using several methods.
- 2003
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In: Tellus. ; 55A
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Other publication (other academic/artistic)
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Rutgersson, A., et al.
(author)
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Influence of hydrothermal treatment on lipid oxidation in barley
- 2000
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In: Cereal Chemistry. - 0009-0352 .- 1943-3638. ; 77:4, s. 407-413
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A steeping process of barley grains was evaluated regarding lipid oxidation. The steeping process was evaluated with respect to the temperature during the first steep and second steep, and the lactic acid concentration of the steep solutions. The study was conducted using a central composition circumscribed design, and response surface models were estimated with the use of partial least square. The change in the concentration of hexanal was used to monitor the oxidation during processing and subsequent storage at 30°C. In all samples there was hexanal development during processing and the hexanal concentration increased considerably during storage. The results show that it is possible to optimize the process to get a lower oxidation during the subsequent storage. The temperature during the second steep in the hydrothermal process and the level of lactic acid addition were the most important factors. Both of them should be kept low to favor the oxidative stability.
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| 5. |
- Rutgersson, Anna, et al.
(author)
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Net precipitation over the Baltic Sea during present and future climate conditions
- 2002
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In: Climate Research (CR). - : Inter-Research Science Center. - 0936-577X .- 1616-1572. ; 22, s. 27-39
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- By using a process-oriented ocean model forced with data from a gridded synoptic database, net precipitation values (precipitation minus evaporation) over the Baltic Sea are obtained. For a range of realistic meteorological forcing the average annual value obtained from an 18 yr (1981-1998) simulation ranges between 1100 and 2500 m3 s-1. The monthly variations are significant with the highest values occurring in early summer and even negative values in late autumn. Ice is an important factor, and the net precipitation is close to zero in the southern basins with no ice. Calculated net precipitation for a 98 yr period (1901-1998) using river runoff and maximum ice extent indicates that the investigated 18 yr period was wetter than the almost 100 yr climate mean. A realistic climate estimate of net precipitation during the 20th century is estimated to be 1500 ± 1000 m3 s-1. The evaluation of 2 present day regional climate simulations indicated high precipitation, low evaporation, and thus excessive net precipitation compared to the climate estimate from this investigation. When simulating the effect of increased greenhouse gases, the change in net precipitation was positive but small due to the compensating effects of increased precipitation and increased evaporation associated with increased temperature and reduced ice.
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| 6. |
- Rutgersson, Anna, et al.
(author)
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Precipitation Estimates over the Baltic Sea: Present State of the Art
- 2001
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In: Nordic Hydrology. - 0029-1277 .- 1996-9694. ; 32:4, s. 285-314
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Precipitation is one of the main components in the water balance, and probably the component determined with the greatest uncertainties. In the present paper we focus on precipitation (mainly rain) over the Baltic Sea as a part of the BALTEX project to examine the present state of the art concerning different precipitation estimates over that area. Several methods are used, with the focus on 1) interpolation of available synoptic stations; 2) a mesoscale analysis system including synoptic, automatic, and climate stations, as well as weather radar and an atmospheric model; and 3) measurements performed on ships. The investigated time scales are monthly and yearly and also some long-term considerations are discussed. The comparison shows that the differences between most of the estimates, when averaged over an extended period and a larger area, are in the order of 10-20%, which is in the same range as the correction of the synoptic gauge measurements due to wind and evaporation losses. In all data sets using gauge data it is important to include corrections for high winds. To improve the structure of precipitation over sea more focus is to be put on the use of radar data and combinations of radar data and other data. Interpolation methods that do not consider orographic effects must treat areas with large horizontal precipitation gradients with care. Due to the large variability in precipitation in time and space, it is important to use long time periods for climate estimates of precipitation Ship measurements are a valuable contribution to precipitation information over sea, especially for seasonal and annual time scales.
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