| 1. |
- Bataille, Chris, et al.
(author)
-
A review of technology and policy deep decarbonization pathway options for making energy-intensive industry production consistent with the Paris Agreement
- 2018
-
In: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526. ; 187, s. 960-973
-
Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The production of commodities by energy-intensive industry is responsible for 1/3 of annual global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The climate goal of the Paris Agreement, to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels while pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C, requires global GHG emissions reach net-zero and probably negative by 2055–2080. Given the average economic lifetime of industrial facilities is 20 years or more, this indicates all new investment must be net-zero emitting by 2035–2060 or be compensated by negative emissions to guarantee GHG-neutrality. We argue, based on a sample portfolio of emerging and near-commercial technologies for each sector (largely based on zero carbon electricity & heat sources, biomass and carbon capture, and catalogued in an accompanying database), that reducing energy-intensive industrial GHG emissions to Paris Agreement compatible levels may not only be technically possible, but can be achieved with sufficient prioritization and policy effort. We then review policy options to drive innovation and investment in these technologies. From this we synthesize a preliminary integrated strategy for a managed transition with minimum stranded assets, unemployment, and social trauma that recognizes the competitive and globally traded nature of commodity production. The strategy includes: an initial policy commitment followed by a national and sectoral stakeholder driven pathway process to build commitment and identify opportunities based on local zero carbon resources; penetration of near-commercial technologies through increasing valuation of GHG material intensity through GHG pricing or tradable performance based regulations with protection for competitiveness and against carbon leakage; research and demand support for the output of pilot plants, including some combination of guaranteed above-market prices that decline with output and an increasing requirement for low carbon inputs in government procurement; and finally, key supporting institutions.
|
|
| 2. |
- Neuhoff, Karsten, et al.
(author)
-
Inclusion of Consumption of carbon intensive materials in emissions trading – An option for carbon pricing post-2020
- 2016
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- A project led jointly by Climate Strategies and DIW Berlin has been exploring whether inclusion of domestic sales of selected energy intensive commodities (e.g. steel) in domestic emission trading schemes is an effective and feasible approach towards restoring the carbon price signal in these sectors, without damaging competitiveness. It has been delivered by a multidisciplinary, international team of researchers from a number of institutions, representing various fields (EU law and institutions, climate policy and economics, energy market and infrastructure policy and economics).
|
|
| 3. |
- Parker, Christopher C., et al.
(author)
-
Three-year Safety of Radium-223 Dichloride in Patients with Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer and Symptomatic Bone Metastases from Phase 3 Randomized Alpharadin in Symptomatic Prostate Cancer Trial
- 2018
-
In: European Urology. - : Elsevier. - 0302-2838 .- 1873-7560. ; 73:3, s. 427-435
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: In Alpharadin in Symptomatic Prostate Cancer (ALSYMPCA) trial, radium-223 versus placebo prolonged overall survival with favorable safety in castration-resistant prostate cancer patients with symptomatic bone metastases. Long-term radium-223 monitoring underlies a comprehensive safety and risk/benefit assessment. Objective: To report updated ALSYMPCA safety, including long-term safety up to 3 yr after the first injection. Design, setting, and participants: Safety analyses from phase 3 randomized ALSYMPCA trial included patients receiving >= 1 study-drug injection (600 radium-223 and 301 placebo). Patients (405 radium-223 and 167 placebo) entered long-term safety follow-up starting 12 wk after the last study-drug injection, to 3 yr from the first injection. Forty-eight of 405 (12%) radium-223 and 12/167 (7%) placebo patients completed follow-up, with evaluations every 2 mo for 6 mo, then every 4 mo until 3 yr. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis: All adverse events (AEs) were collected until 12 wk after the last injection; subsequently, only treatment-related AEs were collected. Additional long-term safety was assessed by development of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), aplastic anemia, and secondary malignancies. Data analysis used descriptive statistics. Results and limitations: During treatment to 12 wk following the last injection, 564/600 (94%) radium-223 and 292/301 (97%) placebo patients had treatment-emergent AEs (TEAEs). Myelosuppression incidence was low. Grade 3/4 hematologic TEAEs in radium-223 and placebo groups were anemia (13% vs 13%), neutropenia (2% vs 1%), and thrombocytopenia (7% vs 2%). Ninety-eight of 600 (16%) radium-223 and 68/301 (23%) placebo patients experienced grade 5 TEAEs. Long-term follow-up showed no AML, MDS, or new primary bone cancer; secondary non-treatment-related malignancies occurred in four radium-223 and three placebo patients. One radium-223 patient had aplastic anemia 16 mo after the last injection. No other cases were observed. Limitations include short (3-yr) follow-up. Conclusions: Final long-term safety ALSYMPCA analysis shows that radium-223 remained well tolerated, with low myelosuppression incidence and no new safety concerns.
|
|
| 4. |
- Sartor, Oliver, et al.
(author)
-
Re-treatment with radium-223 : 2-year follow-up from an international, open-label, phase 1/2 study in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer and bone metastases
- 2019
-
In: The Prostate. - : Wiley Periodicals. - 0270-4137 .- 1097-0045. ; 79:14, s. 1683-1691
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Radium-223 dichloride (radium-223) is approved for patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), symptomatic bone metastases, and no visceral disease using a dosing regimen of 6 injections (55 kBq/kg intravenously; 1 injection every 4 weeks). Early results from international, open-label, phase 1/2 study NCT01934790 showed that re-treatment with radium-223 was well tolerated with favorable effects on disease progression. Here we report safety and efficacy findings from 2-year follow-up of the radium-223 re-treatment study.Methods: Patients with CRPC and bone metastases who completed 6 initial radium-223 injections with no disease progression in bone and later progressed were eligible for radium-223 re-treatment (up to 6 additional radium-223 injections), provided that hematologic parameters were adequate and chemotherapy had not been administered after the initial course of radium-223. Concomitant cytotoxic agents were not allowed during re-treatment but were allowed at the investigator's discretion during follow-up; other concomitant agents for prostate cancer (including abiraterone acetate or enzalutamide) were allowed at investigator's discretion. The primary objective was safety. Exploratory objectives included time to radiographic bone progression, radiographic progression-free survival (rPFS), time to total alkaline phosphatase (tALP), and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) progression, overall survival (OS), time to first symptomatic skeletal event (SSE), and SSE-free survival, all calculated from re-treatment start. Evaluation of safety and exploratory efficacy objectives included active 2-year follow-up. Safety results from active follow-up and updated efficacy are reported.Results: Overall, 44 patients were re-treated with radium-223; 29 (66%) completed all 6 injections, and 34 (77%) entered 2-year active follow-up, during which no new safety concerns and no serious drug-related adverse events were noted. rPFS events (progression or death) occurred in 19 (43%) of 44 patients; median rPFS was 9.9 months. Radiographic bone progression occurred in 5 (11%) of 44 patients. Median OS was 24.4 months. Median times to first SSE and SSE-free survival were 16.7 and 12.8 months, respectively. Median time to tALP progression was not reached; median time to PSA progression was 2.2 months.Conclusions: Re-treatment with radium-223 in this selected patient population was well tolerated, led to minimal hematologic toxicity, and provided continued disease control in bone at 2-year follow-up.
|
|
