| 1. |
- Drezner, Jonathan A, et al.
(author)
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Abnormal electrocardiographic findings in athletes : recognising changes suggestive of primary electrical disease.
- 2013
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In: British Journal of Sports Medicine. - : BMJ. - 0306-3674 .- 1473-0480. ; 47:3, s. 153-67
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Cardiac channelopathies are potentially lethal inherited arrhythmia syndromes and an important cause of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in young athletes. Other cardiac rhythm and conduction disturbances also may indicate the presence of an underlying cardiac disorder. The 12-lead ECG is utilised as both a screening and a diagnostic tool for detecting conditions associated with SCD. Fundamental to the appropriate evaluation of athletes undergoing ECG is an understanding of the ECG findings that may indicate the presence of a pathological cardiac disease. This article describes ECG findings present in primary electrical diseases afflicting young athletes and outlines appropriate steps for further evaluation of these ECG abnormalities. The ECG findings defined as abnormal in athletes were established by an international consensus panel of experts in sports cardiology and sports medicine.
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| 2. |
- Drezner, Jonathan A, et al.
(author)
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Abnormal electrocardiographic findings in athletes : recognising changes suggestive of cardiomyopathy.
- 2013
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In: British Journal of Sports Medicine. - : BMJ. - 0306-3674 .- 1473-0480. ; 47:3, s. 137-52
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Cardiomyopathies are a heterogeneous group of heart muscle diseases and collectively are the leading cause of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in young athletes. The 12-lead ECG is utilised as both a screening and diagnostic tool for detecting conditions associated with SCD. Fundamental to the appropriate evaluation of athletes undergoing ECG is an understanding of the ECG findings that may indicate the presence of an underlying pathological cardiac disorder. This article describes ECG findings present in cardiomyopathies afflicting young athletes and outlines appropriate steps for further evaluation of these ECG abnormalities. The ECG findings defined as abnormal in athletes were established by an international consensus panel of experts in sports cardiology and sports medicine.
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| 3. |
- Drezner, Jonathan A, et al.
(author)
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Electrocardiographic interpretation in athletes : the 'Seattle criteria'.
- 2013
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In: British Journal of Sports Medicine. - : BMJ. - 0306-3674 .- 1473-0480. ; 47:3, s. 122-4
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is the leading cause of death in athletes during sport. Whether obtained for screening or diagnostic purposes, an ECG increases the ability to detect underlying cardiovascular conditions that may increase the risk for SCD. In most countries, there is a shortage of physician expertise in the interpretation of an athlete's ECG. A critical need exists for physician education in modern ECG interpretation that distinguishes normal physiological adaptations in athletes from abnormal findings suggestive of pathology. On 13-14 February 2012, an international group of experts in sports cardiology and sports medicine convened in Seattle, Washington, to define contemporary standards for ECG interpretation in athletes. The objective of the meeting was to develop a comprehensive training resource to help physicians distinguish normal ECG alterations in athletes from abnormal ECG findings that require additional evaluation for conditions associated with SCD.
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| 4. |
- Drezner, Jonathan A, et al.
(author)
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Normal electrocardiographic findings : recognising physiological adaptations in athletes.
- 2013
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In: British Journal of Sports Medicine. - : BMJ. - 0306-3674 .- 1473-0480. ; 47:3, s. 125-36
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Electrocardiographic changes in athletes are common and usually reflect benign structural and electrical remodelling of the heart as a physiological adaptation to regular and sustained physical training (athlete's heart). The ability to identify an abnormality on the 12-lead ECG, suggestive of underlying cardiac disease associated with sudden cardiac death (SCD), is based on a sound working knowledge of the normal ECG characteristics within the athletic population. This document will assist physicians in identifying normal ECG patterns commonly found in athletes. The ECG findings presented as normal in athletes were established by an international consensus panel of experts in sports cardiology and sports medicine.
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| 5. |
- Corrado, D., et al.
(author)
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Risk of sports: do we need a pre-participation screening for competitive and leisure athletes?
- 2011
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In: European heart journal. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0195-668X .- 1522-9645. ; 32:8, s. 934-44
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Sudden cardiac arrest is most often the first clinical manifestation of an underlying cardiovascular disease and usually occurs in previously asymptomatic athletes. The risk benefit ratio of physical exercise differs between young competitive athletes and middle-age/senior individuals engaged in leisure-time sports activity. Competitive sports are associated with an increase in the risk of sudden cardiovascular death (SCD) in susceptible adolescents and young adults with underlying cardiovascular disorders. In middle-age/older individuals, physical activity can be regarded as a 'two-edged sword': vigorous exertion increases the incidence of acute coronary events in those who did not exercise regularly, whereas habitual physical activity reduces the overall risk of myocardial infarction and SCD. Although cardiovascular pre-participation evaluation offers the potential to identify athletes with life-threatening cardiovascular abnormalities before onset of symptoms and may reduce their risk of SCD, there is a significant debate among cardiologists about efficacy, impact of false-positive results and cost-effectiveness of routine screening. This review presents an appraisal of the available data and criticisms concerning screening programmes aimed to prevent SCD of either young competitive athletes or older individuals engaged in leisure-time sports activity.
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