| 1. |
- Bjurström, Erik, et al.
(author)
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Data quality and analysts’ role in AI enhanced C2
- 2023
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In: International Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium (ICCRTS) proceedings.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Command and Control (C2) raises questions about the interaction between operators on different levels on the one hand and AI-supported information systems on the other. For some purposes, the aggregation and analysis of large “big data”-sets creates potential for prediction and calculations of probabilities, while for other purposes human heuristics may be as promising depending on the situation. What has been more rarely discussed, is the very quality of data underpinning such calculations, and thus also operators’ awareness of the validity of predictions in relation to any specific situation. This is an urgent debate, considering the fact that full transparency may be impossible and underpinning data may be based on exercises, simulations, real-time data, or a mix thereof. Based on a fundamental classification of different kinds of uncertainties, this article discusses how data of different origins and quality can be managed and communicated to allow for operators to assess on what basis predictions are made. The article further suggests that looking at other fields of research may be useful for exploring unconventional ways of highlighting the existence and quality of different kinds of data of different origins in order to assess its predictive power. Finally, the article discusses how AI may change the role of analysts with regard to such issues.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Pitsili, Eugenia, et al.
(author)
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A phloem-localized Arabidopsis metacaspase (AtMC3) improves drought tolerance
- 2023
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In: New Phytologist. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0028-646X .- 1469-8137. ; 239, s. 1281-1299
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Increasing drought phenomena pose a serious threat to agricultural productivity. Although plants have multiple ways to respond to the complexity of drought stress, the underlying mechanisms of stress sensing and signaling remain unclear. The role of the vasculature, in particular the phloem, in facilitating inter-organ communication is critical and poorly understood. Combining genetic, proteomic and physiological approaches, we investigated the role of AtMC3, a phloem-specific member of the metacaspase family, in osmotic stress responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Analyses of the proteome in plants with altered AtMC3 levels revealed differential abundance of proteins related to osmotic stress pointing into a role of the protein in water-stress-related responses. Overexpression of AtMC3 conferred drought tolerance by enhancing the differentiation of specific vascular tissues and maintaining higher levels of vascular-mediated transportation, while plants lacking the protein showed an impaired response to drought and inability to respond effectively to the hormone abscisic acid. Overall, our data highlight the importance of AtMC3 and vascular plasticity in fine-tuning early drought responses at the whole plant level without affecting growth or yield.
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| 4. |
- Schüler, Martin, et al.
(author)
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A Multi-Domain instrument for safety Climate : Military safety climate questionnaire (MSCQ) and NOSACQ-50
- 2022
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In: Safety Science. - : Elsevier. - 0925-7535 .- 1879-1042. ; 154
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The purpose of this study is to adjust and develop Nordic Safety Climate Questionnaire (NOSACQ-50) specifically for the military domain. Many safety climate instruments have been developed for complex organizations but few with a military perspective including military exercises and physical training. Data were collected during two separate occasions, experiment one (n = 956) and experiment two (n = 377). The questionnaire was distributed to civilian and military personnel working in the Swedish Armed Forces and to military cadets. The results of experiment one was then analyzed using principal component analyses and confirmatory factor analyses, the factor structure was reproduced in experiment two. The results from the study confirmed the reliability and validity of NOSACQ-50 as a safety climate instrument in the military organization. However, several new factors were identified with the military safety climate questionnaire (MSCQ). Physical fitness and exercises are important activities in the military but are less important in other organizations which could explain why it isn’t present in traditional safety climate instruments. This study identifies several limitations one being the design of questions suitable for both military and civilian personnel. Another limitation is combat operations, this data collection recognizes the field but was unable to capture data from actual combat operations. Further research is needed to fully develop more dimensions for both exercises and combat operations.
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| 5. |
- Schüler, Martin, et al.
(author)
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Blurring the lines : Merging aspects of human cognition and artificial intelligence
- 2022
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In: 27th ICCRTS Proceedings. - : International C2 Institute. ; , s. 1-6, s. 1-6
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The purpose of this article is to discuss the transformation of Twitter from a usable tool for spreading information to a space for learning. When we talk about different software, we in many cases can’t phantom their outreach and connectivity. Specific software solutions have been integrated into our lives making them a part of ourselves. Specific tools can be designed to enhance specific functions within the software such as automatic accounts spreading keywords users write. Users are humans and perceive their cyber environment in the same way as they perceive human interaction in real life. The transformation changed the tool to an area of operation where different stakeholders can interact with each other. From an intelligence perspective, the distinction between technology and HUMINT no longer serves its purposes of classification – it has merged into one and the same. From the perspective of C2, information technology in itself is still emphasized at the cost of other dimensions, hence obscuring the very mechanisms of how what is only seen as social media in fact is a dimension of itself. While the human dimension is sometimes addressed, there is a dearth of research exploring its workings.
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| 6. |
- Schüler, Martin
(author)
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Human and machine learning
- 2023
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In: Collection Of Abstracts Nato In The Nordics, August 30-31, 2023. Conference Organized By The Scandinavian Journal Of Military Studies (Sjms) & The Swedish Centre For Studies Of Armed Forces And Society (Csms). - : Swedisch Centre for Studies of Armed Forces and Society; Scandinavian Journal of Military Studies. ; , s. 9-10
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to discuss the potential effects of machine learning and artificial intelligence on military organizations, on a general basis. ChatGPT, has sparked a debate in universities all over the world, and language model software’s are likely to impact how military personnel conduct their work – several officers work on tasks that could benefit from machine learning integration, such as logistics, healthcare, maintenance, intelligence, and others. However, officers will need to develop skills to ask relevant questions to extract information from the algorithm and train the algorithm to process relevant information with sufficient quality. That is, the military organization needs to develop different methods of learning. Exercises, particularly two-sided field exercises with a friendly and a hostile side, now have two additional learners, the friendly and the hostile algorithm. The potential risks of learning faults and errors from exercises are always present, and introducing algorithms increases these risks. Humans learn by facing different situations and Collection of Abstracts NATO in the Nordics10 reflecting on their actions, while algorithms learn by classifying available data. Understanding the learning needs of humans and algorithms has strategic implications.
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| 7. |
- Schüler, Martin
(author)
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Innovate or Die : A guide into the military research ecosystem
- 2023
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In: Kungl. Krigsvetenskapsakademiens handlingar och tidskrift. - 0023-5369. ; :3, s. 145-156
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Syftet med denna artikel är att diskutera hur ett innovativt ekosystem kan skapas för att stödja militär innovation. Krigföring har alltid varit beroende av innovation för att öka soldaternas dödlighet, säkerhet och överlevnad. Sverige och Försvarsmakterna kommer sannolikt att ansluta sig till Nato med dess fokus på teknisk innovation. Strategiska dokument som reglerar hur forskning beställs inom Försvarsmakterna har analyserats med hjälp av aktivitetsteori. Resultaten indikerar att flera regler är motsägande och stödjer inte kunskapsförvärv inom okända områden. Systemdesignen för att förvärva kunskap bygger på antagandet om värde, vissa typer av kunskap är mer värdefulla än andra typer av kunskap. Intressant nog bedöms kunskap om militär praktik och militär ledningsfilosofi som meningslös enligt systemdesignen. Denna studie har flera begränsningar, en av dem är tillgängliga dokument som beskriver hur forskning och kunskap ordnas mellan Försvarsmakterna och andra forskningsenheter. En annan begränsning är den militära sökmotorn, som inte verkar visa söksvaret på ett tillgängligt och tillförlitligt sätt. Framtida forskning bör fokusera på interventioner och förändringsledning för att hjälpa Försvarsmakterna att utveckla ett innovativt ekosystem.
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| 8. |
- Schüler, Martin, et al.
(author)
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Navigating in the zoo
- 2023
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In: International Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium (ICCRTS) proceedings. ; , s. 1-7
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) are taking the world by storm. Armed forces around the world are thinking about new concepts or adaptations to integrate ML and AI in different functions affecting the military work environment. The purpose of this article is to broaden the perspective and challenge the perception of a military ML or AI integration. Military exercises are important tools for armed forces throughout the world. Learning to fight wars in a safe environment which emphasizes learning, saves lives on the battlefield. Through the theoretical framework of human activity, it is possible to understand the challenges soldiers and officers face when conducting double-sided live field exercises. The introduction of ML and AI in the exercise environment also creates a new learning environment with two more learning participants. By understanding the human zone of proximal development, we can also better understand the learning limitations and constraints an integrated ML or AI must consider before adjusting the algorithm. Simply accepting every collected data stream from a double-sided live field exercise might lead to learned faults and errors endangering the lives of soldiers and officers. To mediate the risk a new type of exercise needs to be developed with a focus on all participants learning opportunities both human and machine
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| 9. |
- Schüler, Michael, et al.
(author)
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NESSi : The Non-Equilibrium Systems Simulation package
- 2020
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In: Computer Physics Communications. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 0010-4655 .- 1879-2944. ; 257
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The nonequilibrium dynamics of correlated many-particle systems is of interest in connection with pump–probe experiments on molecular systems and solids, as well as theoretical investigations of transport properties and relaxation processes. Nonequilibrium Green’s functions are a powerful tool to study interaction effects in quantum many-particle systems out of equilibrium, and to extract physically relevant information for the interpretation of experiments. We present the open-source software package NESSi (The Non-Equilibrium Systems Simulation package) which allows to perform many-body dynamics simulations based on Green’s functions on the L-shaped Kadanoff–Baym contour. NESSi contains the library libcntr which implements tools for basic operations on these nonequilibrium Green’s functions, for constructing Feynman diagrams, and for the solution of integral and integro-differential equations involving contour Green’s functions. The library employs a discretization of the Kadanoff–Baym contour into time points and a high-order implementation of integration routines. The total integrated error scales up to , which is important since the numerical effort increases at least cubically with the simulation time. A distributed-memory parallelization over reciprocal space allows large-scale simulations of lattice systems. We provide a collection of example programs ranging from dynamics in simple two-level systems to problems relevant in contemporary condensed matter physics, including Hubbard clusters and Hubbard or Holstein lattice models. The libcntr library is the basis of a follow-up software package for nonequilibrium dynamical mean-field theory calculations based on strong-coupling perturbative impurity solvers.
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| 10. |
- Schüler, Martin
(author)
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Planning for safety when preparing for war : winning or learning
- 2021
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Preventing accidents within a complex environment like a force on force military exercise ischallenging for the organization. The aim of this study is to investigate safety behavior by usingactivity theory in combination with critical incident technique in order to identify conditions effectingthe health and safety of individuals employed by the Swedish armed forces (SwAF) participating inmilitary exercises. The empirical data was collected from two separate events final planningconference of Northern Wind 2019 (FPC-NW19) and the exercise Northern Wind 2019 (NW19). Datawas collected using observations and conversations with military, medical and safety professionals.One researcher followed the FPC-NW19 and the observed the exercise NW19 by shadowing staffmembers and safety personnel.Data was analyzed, thematized and coded using the third generation of activity theory and its areas:tools, rules, community, division of labor, subject and object as a guide for identifying contradictions.Results indicate that the methods used for planning and the use of safety equipment whenconducting military tasks during the exercise is influenced by the desire of winning the exercise.The results also indicate that activity theory can be a useful tool to identify contradictions affectingsafety performance. However, the study is only limited to two events with a narrow scope from theArmy. Further refinement is needed to develop a functioning method for analyzing safety behavior.
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