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- Wu, S.R., et al.
(author)
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Turning of the receptor binding domains opens up the murine leukaemia virus Env for membrane fusion
- 2008
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In: EMBO Journal. - : Wiley. - 0261-4189 .- 1460-2075. ; 27:20, s. 2799-2808
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The activity of the membrane fusion protein Env of Moloney mouse leukaemia virus is controlled by isomerization of the disulphide that couples its transmembrane (TM) and surface (SU) subunits. We have arrested Env activation at a stage prior to isomerization by alkylating the active thiol in SU and compared the structure of isomerization-arrested Env with that of native Env. Env trimers of respective form were isolated from solubilized particles by sedimentation and their structures were reconstructed from electron microscopic images of both vitrified and negatively stained samples. We found that the protomeric unit of both trimers formed three protrusions, a top, middle and a lower one. The atomic structure of the receptor-binding domain of SU fitted into the upper protrusion. This was formed similar to a bent finger. Significantly, in native Env the tips of the fingers were directed against each other enclosing a cavity below, whereas they had turned outward in isomerization-arrested Env transforming the cavity into an open well. This might subsequently guide the fusion peptides in extended TM subunits into the target membrane.
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- Larsson, Gerry, et al.
(author)
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Leader development in natural context : A grounded theory approach to discovering how military leaders grow
- 2006
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In: Military Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0899-5605 .- 1532-7876. ; 18, s. S69-S81
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Despite an increasing number of programs that aim to develop or educate leaders, the underlying processes involved in leader development or growth are not well understood. This study was undertaken to discover what factors or processes are involved in leader development for junior military officers, from their own perspective and in the natural context of their career and life experiences. Military officers (N = 51) from 5 different countries were interviewed using a standardized approach, and interview transcripts were analyzed according to the constant comparative method of grounded theory, as elaborated by Glaser and Strauss (1967). Consistently across the 5 countries, the core of the process model of leader development is the social interaction between the young officer and his or her significant others (soldiers, peers, and superiors). In the favorable case, officers end this process feeling secure, being able to flexibly adapt their overt behavior on an underdistanced–overdistanced continuum according to situational demands, and have a firm professional identity.
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- Sjöberg, B-M, et al.
(author)
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Radical Enzymes
- 2005
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In: Nature Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. - : Wiley.
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)
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- Sjöberg, Jessica C, et al.
(author)
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Effects of pressurised high consistency refining on sheet density
- 2008
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In: Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal. - 0283-2631 .- 2000-0669. ; 23:1, s. 39-45
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study investigates the possibility of decreasing the sheet density of paper made from unbleached kraft pulp for the middle layer in board production. The objective was to evaluate how treatments in a compressive screw equipment pressure expansion (PREX) plug screw feeder, atmospheric (HCatm) and pressurised high-consistency refining (HCpress refining) affect both fibre and paper properties and, in particular, how fibre curl affects sheet density.The plug screw pre-treatments and HC refining were performed under atmospheric and steam-pressurised conditions at 100 degrees C, 125 degrees C and 175 degrees C. Even though fibre curl increased considerably during plug screw treatment and HCatm and HCpress refining, the density of the paper sheets did not decrease, as had been expected. A possible explanation for this result may be that the fibres become more flexible during curl treatment, resulting in increased sheet density.In order to obtain fibres that were both very curly and stiff, three ways of improving the fibre stiffness were tested: 1) lowering the pH during refining, 2) drying the fibres (hornification) and 3) treating the fibres with 1,2,3,4-ButaneTetraCarboxylic Acid (BTCA). If the fibres are dried (hornified), there is a lowering effect on sheet density. However, fibre curl does not have any lowering effect on sheet density. If the pH is decreased during plug screw treatment, the sheet density may be reduced but, again, the fibre curl does not have any positive effect on sheet density. Fibres treated with BTCA had a marked lowering effect on sheet density. With this treatment, the fibre curl does have a positive effect on sheet density. The BTCA-treated fibres were also used to lower sheet density. A mixture of 15% by weight BTCA- treated fibres resulted in an approximately 9% density reduction.
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