| 1. |
- Schiestl-Aalto, Pauliina
(author)
-
Analysis of the NSC Storage Dynamics in Tree Organs Reveals the Allocation to Belowground Symbionts in the Framework of Whole Tree Carbon Balance
- 2019
-
In: Frontiers in forests and global change. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2624-893X. ; 2
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Photosynthesis is not entirely synchronized with carbon sinks, implying that trees are capable of storing non-structural carbohydrates (NSC), such as soluble sugars and starch. These storages provide a buffer between carbohydrate supply and demand and also allow trees to resist drought through osmoregulation. However, estimates of the total pool size and seasonal dynamics of the NSC storage of mature trees are still rare. Part of NSC is allocated outside roots, mainly to symbiotic, root-associated mycorrhizal fungi. The quantity and dynamics of this allocation are difficult to estimate in field conditions due to the close interaction between the symbionts. The aims of this study were to (1) determine the temporal development of NSC concentrations in tree organs, (2) upscale the storage compounds to whole-tree level and (3) analyse the significance of NSC allocation to belowground symbionts as part of the carbon balance in mature pines in a boreal Scots pine stand in southern Finland. We took samples every 2-4 weeks of needles, fine roots, stem wood, shoot wood and phloem from 1 to 3 trees in 2015. Concentrations of soluble sugars and starch were analyzed from the samples and upscaled to tree level. For quantifying the third aim, we used a whole-tree carbon balance model CASSIA that incorporates daily photosynthesis, respiration and organ-specific growth as functions of environmental factors. In this study, we included the allocation to belowground symbionts as an additional carbon sink and scaled the flux using the NSC pool over the whole tree. We observed that organ-specific NSC concentrations were highest in phloem, needles and fine roots. Total NSC increased in spring, peaked duringmid-summer and decreased again in autumn without any notable decrease during the most intensive growth period at midsummer. In the model analysis, 6% of yearly photosynthesis was allocated to the root-associated symbionts. The study highlights the applicability of the carbon balance approach in evaluating the importance of processes that cannot yet be directly measured.
|
|
| 2. |
- Abramowicz, H., et al.
(author)
-
Combination and QCD analysis of charm production cross section measurements in deep-inelastic ep scattering at HERA
- 2013
-
In: European Physical Journal C. Particles and Fields. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1434-6044. ; 73:2
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Measurements of open charm production cross sections in deep-inelastic ep scattering at HERA from the H1 and ZEUS Collaborations are combined. Reduced cross sections sigma(c (c) over bar)(red) for charm production are obtained in the kinematic range of photon virtuality 2.5 <= Q(2) <= 2000 GeV2 and Bjorken scaling variable 3 . 10(-5) <= x <= 5 . 10(-2). The combination method accounts for the correlations of the systematic uncertainties among the different data sets. The combined charm data together with the combined inclusive deep-inelastic scattering cross sections from HERA are used as input for a detailed NLO QCD analysis to study the influence of different heavy flavour schemes on the parton distribution functions. The optimal values of the charm mass as a parameter in these different schemes are obtained. The implications on the NLO predictions for W-+/- and Z production cross sections at the LHC are investigated. Using the fixed flavour number scheme, the running mass of the charm quark is determined.
|
|
| 3. |
- Borroto-Escuela, Dasiel O., et al.
(author)
-
Receptor-Receptor Interactions in Multiple 5-HT1A Heteroreceptor Complexes in Raphe-Hippocampal 5-HT Transmission and Their Relevance for Depression and Its Treatment
- 2018
-
In: Molecules. - : MDPI AG. - 1431-5157 .- 1420-3049. ; 23:6
-
Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Due to the binding to a number of proteins to the receptor protomers in receptor heteromers in the brain, the term "heteroreceptor complexes" was introduced. A number of serotonin 5-HT1A heteroreceptor complexes were recently found to be linked to the ascending 5-HT pathways known to have a significant role in depression. The 5-HT1A-FGFR1 heteroreceptor complexes were involved in synergistically enhancing neuroplasticity in the hippocampus and in the dorsal raphe 5-HT nerve cells. The 5-HT1A protomer significantly increased FGFR1 protomer signaling in wild-type rats. Disturbances in the 5-HT1A-FGFR1 heteroreceptor complexes in the raphe-hippocampal 5-HT system were found in a genetic rat model of depression (Flinders sensitive line (FSL) rats). Deficits in FSL rats were observed in the ability of combined FGFR1 and 5-HT1A agonist cotreatment to produce antidepressant-like effects. It may in part reflect a failure of FGFR1 treatment to uncouple the 5-HT1A postjunctional receptors and autoreceptors from the hippocampal and dorsal raphe GIRK channels, respectively. This may result in maintained inhibition of hippocampal pyramidal nerve cell and dorsal raphe 5-HT nerve cell firing. Also, 5-HT1A-5-HT2A isoreceptor complexes were recently demonstrated to exist in the hippocampus and limbic cortex. They may play a role in depression through an ability of 5-HT2A protomer signaling to inhibit the 5-HT1A protomer recognition and signaling. Finally, galanin (1-15) was reported to enhance the antidepressant effects of fluoxetine through the putative formation of GalR1-GalR2-5-HT1A heteroreceptor complexes. Taken together, these novel 5-HT1A receptor complexes offer new targets for treatment of depression.
|
|
| 4. |
- Bai, Xuan, et al.
(author)
-
Sequential macrophage transition facilitates endogenous bone regeneration induced by Zn-doped porous microcrystalline bioactive glass
- 2021
-
In: Journal of materials chemistry. B. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 2050-750X .- 2050-7518. ; 9:12, s. 2885-2898
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Macrophages play an important role in the immune microenvironment during bone healing, and sequential macrophage phenotypic transition could achieve superior osteogenic outcomes. Microcrystalline bioactive glasses (MCBGs) with osteoimmunomodulatory effects show potential in bone tissue regeneration. Zinc (Zn) has been approved to coordinate innate and adaptive immunity. Therefore, in this study, different amounts of ZnO were incorporated into microcrystalline bioactive glass to improve its immunomodulatory ability. The effect of Zn-MCBG ionic extracts on macrophage transition was studied, and the 5Zn-MCBG extracts could orchestrate sequential M1-to-M2 macrophage transition and promote the expression of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory genes and cytokine expression to induce human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) osteogenic differentiation in vitro. Macroporous Zn-MCBG scaffolds containing mesopores were fabricated and showed good cell adhesion and feasible apatite formation when immersed in SBF in vitro. Furthermore, a rat calvarial defect model was used to confirm that the Zn-MCBG scaffold could modulate macrophage phenotypic transition and create a desirable osteogenic microenvironment to promote osteogenesis in vivo.
|
|
| 5. |
|
|
| 6. |
- Lison, P., et al.
(author)
-
Automatic Turn Segmentation for Movie & TV Subtitles
- 2016
-
In: 2016 IEEE Workshop on Spoken Language Technology (SLT 2016). - : IEEE conference proceedings. ; , s. 245-252
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Movie and TV subtitles contain large amounts of conversational material, but lack an explicit turn structure. This paper present a data-driven approach to the segmentation of subtitles into dialogue turns. Training data is first extracted by aligning subtitles with transcripts in order to obtain speaker labels. This data is then used to build a classifier whose task is to determine whether two consecutive sentences are part of the same dialogue turn. The approach relies on linguistic, visual and timing features extracted from the subtitles themselves and does not require access to the audiovisual material -- although speaker diarization can be exploited when audio data is available. The approach also exploits alignments with related subtitles in other languages to further improve the classification performance. The classifier achieves an accuracy of 78% on a held-out test set. A follow-up annotation experiment demonstrates that this task is also difficult for human annotators.
|
|
