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- Bohlin, Pernilla, et al.
(author)
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Field evaluation of a passive personal air sampler for screening of PAH exposure in workplaces
- 2010
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In: Journal of Environmental Monitoring. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 1464-0325 .- 1464-0333. ; 12:7, s. 1437-1444
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- New sampling methods are needed to simplify and enable frequent monitoring of workers' exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The sampler needs to fulfil some key operational requirements for occupational exposure assessments: (i) be usable as a personal sampler; (ii) work over 8 h exposure time; (iii) sequester PAHs both in gas and particle phase, (iv) yield reliable estimates of air concentrations. Here, a new smaller design of the traditional polyurethane foam (PUF) passive air sampler (PAS) (i.e. a 'mini-PUF') was introduced and assessed against these requirements in sites with elevated PAH concentrations. The exposure times were 2 weeks and 8 hours. The obtained sampling rates (R-values) were not significantly different between gas phase (0.4-3.3 m(3) day(-1), 0.3-2.3 L min(-1)) and particle associated PAHs (0.5-1.9 m(3) day(-1), 0.4-1.3 L min(-1)). The accuracy in estimating air concentrations was within +/-25% from the active sampler for half of the PAHs for the mini-PUF under 8 h exposures. Significant correlations (p < 0.003) were found between personally deployed mini-PUFs and a co-deployed personal active sampling method. This together with the low costs and ease-of-use of the mini-PUF encourage application in exposure assessments.
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| 4. |
- Johannesson, Sandra, et al.
(author)
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Hälsorelaterad miljöövervakning luftföroreningar Cancerframkallande ämnen i tätortsluft
- 2012
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Allmänbefolkningens exponering för bensen, 1,3-butadien, formaldehyd och kvävedioxid mättes på 40 slumpvis utvalda personer i Göteborg under hösten 2012. Upprepad mätning gjordes på 20 av deltagarna. Fina partiklar (PM2,5) mättes i bostaden hos 20 personer. Hälften av deltagarna var kvinnor och hälften män, medianåldern var 32 år, fem personer var rökare.Medianexponeringen för bensen var 0,7 μg/m3, vilket underskrider lågrisknivån. För 1,3-butadien var medianvärdet 0,3 μg/m3, vilket är inom riktvärdesintervallet för långtidsexponering. Personlig exponering för bensen och 1,3-butadien var korrelerade. Medianexponeringen för formaldehyd var 19 μg/m3, vilket är inom riktvärdet. Median-exponeringen för kvävedioxid, 13 μg/m3, underskrider riktvärdet. För deltagare med upprepad mätning fanns en korrelation mellan exponering i mätomgång ett och två för bensen och 1,3-butadien (rs=0,44), men inte för kvävedioxid. Det gick inte att påvisa någon skillnad i exponering mellan rökare och icke-rökare för bensen, 1-3-butadien eller kvävedioxid. För bensen var inom-individvariansen 48 %. Mellan-individvariansen dominerade för 1,3-butadien (85 %), medan inom-individvariansen (77 %) dominerade för kvävedioxid. För PM2,5 i bostaden var medianvärdet 7 μg/m3 och för bens(a)pyren i PM2,5 0,01 ng/m3. Båda dessa halter underskrider respektive riktvärde. Om en bostad där rökning skedde inomhus exkluderades var inomhushalterna av både PM2,5 och bens(a)pyren korrelerade till de parallella mätningarna i urban bakgrund
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| 5. |
- Jorgensen, R. B., et al.
(author)
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Simulated Restaurant Cook Exposure to Emissions of PAHs, Mutagenic Aldehydes, and Particles from Frying Bacon
- 2013
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In: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1545-9624 .- 1545-9632. ; 10:3, s. 122-131
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study investigated the exposure of cooks to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), higher mutagenic aldehydes, total particles, and ultrafine particles during cooking. Experiments were performed by pan frying fresh and smoked bacon on both electric and gas stoves, and with the gas alone. Detailed analyses of PAHs were performed, with analyses of the levels of 32 different PAHs. A TSI-3939 scanning mobility particle sizer system was used to measure the ultrafine particles. The results showed that total PAHs were in the range of 270–300 ng/m3 air. However, the smoked bacon experiment showed a somewhat different PAH pattern, whereby retene constituted about 10% of the total PAHs, which is a level similar to that of the abundant gas phase constituent phenanthrene. The reason for the elevated retene emissions is unknown. The total cancer risk, expressed as toxic equivalency factors, showed a somewhat higher risk on the electric stove (p < 0.05) compared with the gas stove. Levels of trans, trans-2,4-decadienal were between 34 and 54 μg/m3 air. The level of total particles was between 2.2 and 4.2 mg/m3. Frying on a gas stove caused a statistically significant higher amount of ultrafine particles compared with frying on an electric stove. Large variations in the mobility diameter at peak particle concentration were found (74.4 nm–153.5 nm). The highest mobility diameter was found for frying on an electric stove. The gas flame itself showed a maximum production of 19.5-nm-sized particles and could not be the explanation for the difference between frying on the gas stove and frying on the electric stove. No single indicator for the exposure to cooking fume could be selected. Each compound should be measured independently to provide a comprehensive characterization of the cooking exposure.
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| 7. |
- Kliucininkas, Linas, et al.
(author)
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Indoor and outdoor concentrations of fine particles, particle-bound PAHs and volatile organic compounds in Kaunas, Lithuania
- 2011
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In: Journal of Environmental Monitoring. - 1464-0325. ; 13:1, s. 182-191
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This complex study presents indoor and outdoor levels of air-borne fine particles, particle-bound PAHs and VOCs at two urban locations in the city of Kaunas, Lithuania, and considers possible sources of pollution. Two sampling campaigns were performed in January-February and March-April 2009. The mean outdoor PM2.5 concentration at Location 1 in winter was 34.5 +/- 15.2 [small micro]g m-3 while in spring it was 24.7 +/- 12.2 [small micro]g m-3; at Location 2 the corresponding values were 36.7 +/- 21.7 and 22.4 +/- 19.4 [small micro]g m-3, respectively. In general there was little difference between the PM concentrations at Locations 1 and 2. PM2.5 concentrations were lower during the spring sampling campaign. These PM concentrations were similar to those in many other European cities; however, the levels of most PAHs analysed were notably higher. The mean sum PAH concentrations at Locations 1 and 2 in the winter campaign were 75.1 +/- 32.7 and 32.7 +/- 11.8 ng m-3, respectively. These differences are greater than expected from the difference in traffic intensity at the two sites, suggesting that there is another significant source of PAH emissions at Location 1 in addition to the traffic. The low observed indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratios indicate that PAH emissions at the locations studied arise primarily from outdoor sources. The buildings at both locations have old windows with wooden frames that are fairly permissive in terms of air circulation. VOC concentrations were mostly low and comparable to those reported from Sweden. The mean outdoor concentrations of VOC's were: 0.7 +/- 0.2, 3.0 +/- 0.8, 0.5 +/- 0.2, 3.5 +/- 0.3, and 0.2 +/- 0.1 [small micro]g m-3, for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, sum of m-, p-, o-xylenes, and naphthalene, respectively. Higher concentrations of VOCs were observed during the winter campaign, possibly due to slower dispersion, slower chemical transformations and/or the lengthy "cold start" period required by vehicles in the wintertime. A trajectory analysis showed that air masses coming from Eastern Europe carried significantly higher levels of PM2.5 compared to masses from other regions, but the PAHs within the PM2.5 are of local origin. It has been suggested that street dust, widely used for winter sanding activities in Eastern and Central European countries, may act not only as a source of PM, but also as source of particle-bound PAHs. Other potential sources include vehicle exhaust, domestic heating and long-range transport.
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| 8. |
- Lu, S. S., et al.
(author)
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Are urinary PAHs biomarkers of controlled exposure to diesel exhaust?
- 2014
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In: Biomarkers. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1354-750X .- 1366-5804. ; 19:4, s. 332-339
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were evaluated as possible biomarkers of exposure to diesel exhaust (DE) in two controlled-chamber studies. We report levels of 14 PAHs from 28 subjects in urine that were collected before, immediately after and the morning after exposure. Using linear mixed-effects models, we tested for effects of DE exposure and several covariates (time, age, gender and urinary creatinine) on urinary PAH levels. DE exposures did not significantly alter urinary PAH levels. We conclude that urinary PAHs are not promising biomarkers of short-term exposures to DE in the range of 106-276 mu g/m(3).
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| 10. |
- Stockfelt, Leo, 1981, et al.
(author)
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Effects on airways of short-term exposure to two kinds of wood smoke in a chamber study of healthy humans.
- 2012
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In: Inhalation toxicology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1091-7691 .- 0895-8378. ; 24:1, s. 47-59
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Introduction: Air pollution causes respiratory symptoms and pulmonary disease. Airway inflammation may be involved in the mechanism also for cardiovascular disease. Wood smoke is a significant contributor to air pollution, with complex and varying composition. We examined airway effects of two kinds of wood smoke in a chamber study. Materials and Methods: Thirteen subjects were exposed to filtered air and to wood smoke from the start-up phase and the burn-out phase of the wood-burning cycle. Levels of PM(2.5) were 295 µg/m(3) and 146 µg/m(3), number concentrations 140 000/cm(3) and 100 000/cm(3). Biomarkers in blood, breath and urine were measured before and on several occasions after exposure. Effects of wood smoke exposure were assessed adjusting for results with filtered air. Results: After exposure to wood smoke from the start-up, but not the burn-out session, Clara cell protein 16 (CC16) increased in serum after 4 hours, and in urine the next morning. CC16 showed a clear diurnal variation. Fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) increased after wood smoke exposure from the burn-out phase, but partly due to a decrease after exposure to filtered air. No other airway markers increased. Conclusions: The results indicate that relatively low levels of wood smoke exposure induce effects on airways. Effects on airway epithelial permeability was shown for the start-up phase of wood burning, while FENO increased after the burn-out session. CC16 seems to be a sensitive marker of effects of air pollution both in serum and urine, but its function and the significance need to be clarified.
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