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- Tanner, C. M., et al.
(author)
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Structural properties of epitaxial gamma-Al2O3(111) thin films on 4H-SiC(0001)
- 2007
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In: Applied Physics Letters. - : AIP Publishing. - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 90:6
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Al2 O3 thin films were grown on 4H-SiC (0001) by thermal atomic layer deposition and were crystallized to the γ- Al2 O3 phase by rapid thermal annealing in N2 at 1100 °C. The films were found to be chemically stable during processing based on x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The change in film structure was initially confirmed by reflection high-energy electron diffraction. As shown by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy images, the abrupt interface of the as-deposited films with the 4H-SiC substrate was preserved during crystallization, indicating no interfacial reaction. Selected area electron diffraction and synchrotron-based x-ray diffraction established an epitaxial relationship of γ- Al2 O3 (111) ∥ 4H-SiC (0001) and in-plane orientation of γ- Al2 O3 (1 1- 0) ∥ 4H-SiC (11 2- 0). No other alumina phases or orientations were observed and no in-plane misorientation was observed in the 27 Å Al2 O3 films. The full width at half maximum of the γ- Al2 O3 (222) rocking curve is 0.056°, indicating a lack of mosaic spread and a high-quality crystalline film. Twinning around the γ- Al2 O3 [111] axis was the only defect observed in these films.
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- Raval, Aparna, et al.
(author)
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Downregulation of death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1) in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
- 2007
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In: Cell. - : Elsevier BV. - 0092-8674 .- 1097-4172. ; 129:5, s. 879-890
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The heritability of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is relatively high; however, no predisposing mutation has been convincingly identified. We show that loss or reduced expression of death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1) underlies cases of heritable predisposition to CLL and the majority of sporadic CLL. Epigenetic silencing of DAPK1 by promoter methylation occurs in almost all sporadic CLL cases. Furthermore, we defined a disease haplotype, which segregates with the CLL phenotype in a large family. DAPK1 expression of the CLL allele is downregulated by 75% in germline cells due to increased HOXB7 binding. In the blood cells from affected family members, promoter methylation results in additional loss of DAPK1 expression. Thus, reduced expression of DAPK1 can result from germline predisposition, as well as epigenetic or somatic events causing or contributing to the CLL phenotype.
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- van Heumen, Céleste C M, et al.
(author)
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Five-year survival of 3-unit fiber-reinforced composite fixed partial dentures in the anterior area
- 2009
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In: Dental Materials. - Copenhagen : Munksgaard. - 0109-5641 .- 1879-0097. ; 25:6, s. 820-827
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objectives: The purpose of this clinical study was to evaluate the long-term outcome of 3-unit anterior fixed partial dentures (FPDs) made of fiber-reinforced resin composite (FRC), and to identify design factors influencing the survival rate. Methods: 52 patients (26 females, 26 males) received 60 indirectly made FRC FPDs, using pre-impregnated unidirectional glass fibers, requiring manual wetting, as framework material. FPDs were surface (n = 48) or hybrid (n = 12) retained and mainly located in the upper jaw. Hybrid FPDs had a combination of retainers; i.e. crown at one and surface retention at the other abutment tooth. Surface FPDs were either purely adhesively retained (n = 29) or with additional mechanical retention (n = 19). Follow-up period was at minimum 5 years, with check-ups every 1–2 years. Six operators were involved, in three centers in the Netherlands, Finland and Sweden. Survival rates, including repairable defects of FPDs, and success rates were determined. Results: Kaplan–Meier survival rate at 5 years was 64% (SE 7%). For the level of success, values were 45% (SE 7%) and the estimated median survival time 58 (SE 10.1) months. For surface FPDs, additional mechanical retention did not improve survival significantly. There was a trend towards better survival of surface FPDs over hybrid FPDs, but differences were not significant. Main failure modes were fracture of the FPD and delamination of veneering composite. Significance: A success rate of 45% and a survival rate of 64% after 5 years was found. Fracture of the framework and delamination are the most prevalent failure modes, especially for surface FPDs.
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- Klein, Richard J.T., et al.
(author)
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Portfolio screening to support the mainstreaming of adaptation to climate change into development assistance
- 2007
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In: Climate change. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0165-0009 .- 1573-1480. ; 84:1, s. 23-44
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The need to mainstream adaptation to climate change into development planning and ongoing sectoral decision-making is increasingly recognised, and several bilateral and multilateral development agencies are starting to take an interest. Over the past years at least six development agencies have screened their project portfolios, generally with two goals in mind: (1) to ascertain the extent to which existing development projects already consider climate risks or address vulnerability to climate variability and change, and (2) to identify opportunities for incorporating climate change explicitly into future projects. As each portfolio screening was conducted independently, the broader lessons emerging from the screenings have not been systematically analysed. In this paper we assess the screening activities to date, focusing on both the results and the methods applied. Based on this assessment we identify opportunities for development agencies to expand their current focus on the links between climate and development. Most agencies already consider climate change as a real but uncertain threat to future development, but they have given less thought to how different development patterns might affect vulnerability to climate change. The screenings undertaken have shown the need to take a comprehensive approach to adaptation and its integration into development planning and sectoral decision-making, and a number of policy initiatives have been taken to promote such integration. We provide some initial guidance as to how portfolio screening can be carried out in a way that would allow agencies to assess systematically the relevance of climate change to their ongoing and planned development projects.
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