| 1421. |
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| 1422. |
- Das, Atanu Kumar
(author)
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Reducing sugars and bioethanol production from oil palm empty fruit bunch by applying a batch and continuous pretreatment process with low temperature and pressure
- 2024
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In: Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2190-6815 .- 2190-6823. ; 14, s. 11155–11164-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Exploring sustainable energy and chemical sources based on biomass has increased global interest. This study was focused on produce second-generation bioethanol using a new pretreatment process. The effectiveness of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) pretreatment on oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) for lignin removal, reducing sugar, and bioethanol production at low temperature and pressure was investigated using batch and continuous processes. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the NaOH concentration and solid to liquor ratio (SL) at a maximum temperature of 100 degrees C and atmospheric pressure. The mathematical formula derived from RSM was based on 11 runs of the batch treatment. In the batch treatment process, 2 M NaOH, the temperature of 80 degrees C, and SL ratio of 8 have resulted in lignin removal of 38.7%, reducing sugars of 8.3%, and bioethanol concentration of 4.1%. The validation of formula has been calculated from calculation and experiment values. Moreover, at the same retention time, continuous pretreatment showed a reducing sugar content of 5.9% and a bioethanol concentration by 2.5%. The results show that the continuous process can be employed in effective bioethanol production from OPEFB.
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| 1423. |
- Daugėla, Ignas, et al.
(author)
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Detection and Analysis of Methane Emissions from a Landfill using Unmanned Aerial Drone Systems and Semiconductor Sensors
- 2020
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In: DETRITUS. - : CISA Publisher. - 2611-4127 .- 2611-4135. ; 10, s. 127-138
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Landfill operators must collect data on the topography of their landfills, their biological and hydrological characteristics, and local meteorological conditions. These data can be collected by satellite, using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), or by traditional methods such as static flux chambers or modelling. They serve as the basis for landfill monitoring, including the identification and measurement of methane (CH4) gas emissions. Here, we present an approach for landfill mapping using sensor data from unmanned aerial drone systems (UADS) based on DJI Matrice 200 UAVs with Zenmuse X4S sensors and Trimble UX5 UAVs with Sony NEX-5R sensors. RGB (Red, Green, Blue) and near infrared (NIR) data from these sensors were processed using a Geographic Information System (GIS) to generate orthoimages, digital elevation models (DEMs), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) maps. These were then used to evaluate changes in the surface structure and topography of the study area (Kariotiskes landfill, Lithuania). The NDVI maps were used to identify areas of sparse vegetation cover that may indicate localized CH4 emissions. Surface temperature maps based on thermal infrared (TIR) images were then prepared for analysis of these problematic areas. Finally, the presence of CH4 in these areas was investigated using a prototype lightweight gas sensor array. The structure of the Kariotiskes landfill site remained unchanged over three years, but there is evidence of possible CH4 gas influence at the landfill cover's surface. The combination of UADS-mounted imaging systems and the prototype gas sensor array enabled rapid analysis of emission hotspots and of landfill topography.
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| 1424. |
- Davidsson, Kent, 1967, et al.
(author)
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Countermeasures against alkali-related problems during combustion of biomass in a circulating fluidized bed boiler
- 2008
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In: Chemical Engineering Science. ; 63, s. 5314-5329
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The purpose of this work was to study different ways to mitigate alkali-related problems during combustionof biomass in circulating fluidized beds. Wood chips and wood pellets were fired together withstraw pellets, while the tendency to agglomerate and form deposits was monitored. In addition to areference case, a number of countermeasures were applied in related tests. Those were addition of elementalsulphur, ammonium sulphate and kaolin to a bed of silica sand, as well as use of olivine sand andblast-furnace slag as alternative bed materials. The agglomeration temperature, composition and structureof bed-ash samples were examined. The flue-gas composition, including gaseous alkali chlorides, wasmeasured in the hot flue gases and in the stack. Particles in the flue gas were collected and analysed forsize distribution and composition. Deposits were collected on a probe in hot flue gases and their amountand composition were analysed. Addition of kaolin was found to be the best method to counteract theagglomeration problem. The deposition problem is effectively counteracted with addition of ammoniumsulphate, while kaolin is too expensive to be used commercially against deposits, and sulphur is lesseffective than ammonium sulphate.
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| 1425. |
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| 1426. |
- Davidsson, Kent, 1967, et al.
(author)
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Potassium, chlorine, and sulfur in ash, particles, deposits, and corrosion during wood combustion in a circulating fluidized-bed boiler
- 2007
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In: Energy & Fuels. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1520-5029 .- 0887-0624. ; 21:1, s. 71-81
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The effect of the addition of chlorine and/or sulfur to the fuel on fly ash composition, deposit formation, and superheater corrosion has been studied during biomass combustion in a circulating fluidized-bed boiler. The chlorine (HCl (aq)) and sulfur (SO2 (g)) were added in proportions of relevance for the potassium chemistry. The composition of the bottom and the fly ashes was analyzed. Gas and particle measurements were performed downstream of the cyclone before the convection pass and the flue gas composition was recorded in the stack with a series of standard instruments and an FTIR analyzer. At the position downstream of the cyclone, a deposit probe was situated, simulating a superheater tube. Deposits on the probe and initial corrosion were examined. It is concluded that addition of sulfur and chlorine increases the formation of submicron particles leading to deposition of potassium sulfate and chloride. The results compare well with earlier work based on laboratory-scale experiments concerning effects of chlorine and sulfur on potassium chemistry.
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| 1427. |
- Davis, J.L., et al.
(author)
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Ground-based measurement of gradients in the “wet” radio refractivity of air
- 1993
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In: Radio Science. - 0048-6604 .- 1944-799X. ; 28:6, s. 1003-1018
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We have used a ground-based microwave radiometer, known as a water vapor radiometer, to investigate the local spatial and temporal variation of the wet propagation delay for a site on the west coast of Sweden. The data were obtained from a wide range of azimuths and from elevation angles greater than 23.6-degrees (air mass 2.5). Visual inspection of the data suggested a simple ‘'cosine azimuth” variation, implying that a first-order gradient model was required. This model was adequate for short time spans up to approximately 15 min, but significant temporal variations in the gradient suggested to us that we include gradient rate terms. The resulting six-parameter model has proven adequate (rms delay residual approximately 1 mm) for up to 30 min of data. Assuming a simple exponential profile for the wet refractivity gradient, the estimated gradient parameters imply average surface wet-refractivity horizontal gradients of order of 0.1-1 N km-1. These gradients are larger, by 1-2 orders of magnitude, than gradients determined by others by averaging over long (approximately 100-km) distances. This result implies that for applications that are sensitive to local gradients, such as wet propagation-delay models for radio-interferometric geodetic studies, the use of meteorological data from widely spread stations may be inadequate. The gradient model presented here is inadequate for times longer than about 30 min. even if no gradients are present, because of the complicated stochastic like temporal behavior of the wet atmosphere. When gradients are present, they can change magnitude by approximately 50% over 10-15 min. Nevertheless, our ability to fit the radiometer data implies that on timescales 23.6-degrees, the local structure of the wet atmosphere can be described with a simple model. (The model is not limited to this range of elevation angles in principle.) The estimated gradient and gradient rate vectors have preferred directions, which indicates a prevailing structure in the three-dimensional temperature and humidity fields, possibly related to systematic behavior in large-scale weather systems and/or the local air-land-sea interaction at this site.
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| 1428. |
- Davis, Marion, et al.
(author)
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Trees in home gardens: Making the most of an age-old practice to improve food security and nutrition.
- 2014
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In: Stockholm Environment Institute: Swedish International Agricultural Network Initiative (SIANI) and Forest, Climate & Livelihood Research Network (Focali), “Forests, Landscapes and Food Security” theme brief.
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Home gardens have been vital to human societies for thousands of years: from clusters of beneficial trees and shrubs planted on forest edges in pre-historic times, to the lush ediblegardens grown traditionally in many tropical regions, to the tiny, densely planted backyards that dot cities worldwide.
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| 1429. |
- Davy, Jonathan, et al.
(author)
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Designing a greywater treatment system in a highly adaptive urban environment: an ergonomics and human factors observational analysis
- 2023
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In: Urban Water Journal. - : TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD. - 1573-062X .- 1744-9006. ; 20:5, s. 624-637
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Unplanned, high-density settlements in low-middle income countries often lack functional wastewater management systems. Nature-based solutions, such as constructed wetlands, are an option for the treatment of greywater, provided they are used by and useful to the community. We explored the effectiveness of iterative design for two pilot constructed wetlands in an informal settlement in Johannesburg, South Africa. Using ergonomics and human factors (E/HF) design approaches, this study evaluated the usability and postural risks associated with interactions with the constructed wetlands to motivate (and evaluate) design changes to increase use and reduce the risk of musculoskeletal pain. An elevated work area reduced musculoskeletal risks and a larger work area allowed more users at one time. The raised work areas provided other benefits such as stormwater and sewerage protection. The value of E/HF as part of a broader transdisciplinary team was demonstrated by embedding the design in the activities of the community.
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| 1430. |
- Ddiba, Daniel Isaac Waya, 1990-, et al.
(author)
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The circular economy potential of urban organic waste streams in low- and middle-income countries
- 2021
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In: Environment, Development and Sustainability. - : Springer Nature. - 1387-585X .- 1573-2975.
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- There is growing recognition of the potential environmental and socio-economic benefits of applying a circular economy approach to urban organic waste management through resource recovery. Decisions around planning and implementing circular urban waste systems require estimates of the quantity of resources available in waste streams and their potential market value. However, most case-studies have so-far been conducted in high-income countries and cities in low- and middle-income countries have different challenges when developing a circular economy. The present paper explores these issues by estimating the potential for resource recovery from organic waste streams in the context of low- and middle-income countries, illustrated in Kampala, Uganda. A simplified material flow analysis approach is used to track the transformation of waste streams, namely; faecal sludge, sewage sludge and organic solid waste into the resource recovery products biogas, solid fuel, black soldier fly larvae and compost. Findings indicate that even at current rates of waste collection, the three waste streams combined could annually yield 135,000 tonnes of solid fuel or 39.6 million Nm3 of biogas or 15,000 tonnes of black soldier fly larvae or 108,000 tonnes of compost. Potential revenues from the products could range from 5.1 million USD for compost to 47 million USD for biogas, annually. This case study demonstrates how complex information describing urban waste in specific cities can be presented to facilitate decision-making and planning by stakeholders. By highlighting different resource recovery opportunities, application of this approach could provide an incentive for more sustainable urban sanitation and waste management systems.
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