| 51. |
- Zapata Campos, María José, 1972, et al.
(author)
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Global narratives of sustainable waste governance in Managua, Nicaragua
- 2011
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In: Globalization and Development: Rethinking Interventions and Governance.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Waste is one of the glocal meta-problems and as such an issue for both global and local governance. While waste is a global fluid, with the risks and profitability associated to its movement, it is also an extremely localized phenomenon (Honor Fagan, 2003). The notion of waste is a construct. Its meaning varies between places and societies at different times (MacKillop, 2009); as does the way societies engage with their waste and deal with it. In the last decades waste governance has being constructed as a sustainability problem for both the global North and the global South. A significant number of international multi-lateral organisations are concerned with the issue of sustainable waste governance, bringing global ideas from the North to the South. Most international and national development aid organisations (e.g. UNEP, UN-Habitat, UE …) carry out development projects, programs and experiences of transference of knowledge and best practices regarding a sustainable waste governance. These discourses of what sustainable waste governance is generated by global organisations shape the local practices for the organizing of waste. The definition, problematisation, policies, plans, technologies and management models used for the governing of waste locally is affected considerably by the discourses within and amongst these global organisations, as are the practices of sustainability they propose and promote. However, the global discourse of a sustainable waste management is neither unique nor uniform. The multiplicity of global actors hence leads to a multiplicity of narratives and discourses on sustainable waste governance. In this paper we aim at exploring some of the many global narratives of waste governance in order to unfold how these views pervade local waste governance and policies. In order to do that the paper focus on the case study of Managua, in Nicaragua, and the six development projects funded by different international aid development organisations (Spanish and Italian Aid Agencies, UN-Habitat, US-AID, European Union URBAL, PNUD) related to the city waste governance. Our data consist of policy documents from these organisations supported by personal interviews with key actors related to these projects and non-participant observations over a multitude of meetings and events. After presenting the different global narratives of waste governance in the findings section, we discuss in the conclusions how predominant global waste narratives have stabilized in the discourse of an urban sustainable development in Managua. We end the paper by contextualizing the conclusions with the concepts, assumptions and practices that give shape to the policies and practices connected to ‘sustainable development’
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| 52. |
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| 53. |
- Bucardo, Filemon, et al.
(author)
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Predominance of Norovirus and Sapovirus in Nicaragua after Implementation of Universal Rotavirus Vaccination
- 2014
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In: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science. - 1932-6203. ; 9:5, s. e0098201-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Despite significant reduction of rotavirus (RV) infections following implementation of RotaTeq vaccination in Nicaragua, a large burden of patients with diarrhea persists. Methods: We conducted a community-and hospital-based study of the burden of RV, norovirus (NV) and sapovirus (SV) infections as cause of sporadic acute gastroenteritis (GE) among 330 children less than= 5 years of age between September 2009 and October 2010 in two major cities of Nicaragua with a RotaTeq coverage rate of 95%. Results: We found that NV, SV and RV infections altogether accounted for 45% of cases of GE. Notably, NV was found in 24% (79/330) of the children, followed by SV (17%, 57/330) and RV (8%, 25/330). The detection rate in the hospital setting was 27%, 15% and 14% for NV, SV and RV respectively, whereas in the community setting the detection rate of RV was less than 1%. Among each of the investigated viruses one particular genogroup or genotype was dominant; GII.4 (82%) for NV, GI (46%) for SV and G1P[8] (64%) in RV. These variants were also found in higher proportions in the hospital setting compared to the community setting. The GII.4.2006 Minerva strain circulating globally since 2006 was the most common among genotyped NV in this study, with the GII.4-2010 New Orleans emerging in 2010. Conclusions: This study shows that NV has become the leading viral cause of gastroenteritis at hospital and community settings in Nicaragua after implementation of RV vaccination.
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| 54. |
- Perez, Wilton, 1979-, et al.
(author)
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Progress towards millennium development goal 1 in northern rural Nicaragua : Findings from a health and demographic surveillance site
- 2012
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In: International Journal for Equity in Health. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1475-9276. ; 11:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND:Millennium Development Goal 1 encourages local initiatives for the eradication of extreme poverty. However, monitoring is indispensable to insure that actions performed at higher policy levels attain success. Poverty in rural areas in low- and middle-income countries remains chronic. Nevertheless, a rural area (Cuatro Santos) in northern Nicaragua has made substantial progress toward poverty eradication by 2015. We examined the level of poverty there and described interventions aimed at reducing it.METHODS:Household data collected from a Health and Demographic Surveillance System was used to analyze poverty and the transition out of it, as well as background information on family members. In the follow-up, information about specific interventions (i.e., installation of piped drinking water, latrines, access to microcredit, home gardening, and technical education) linked them to the demographic data. A propensity score was used to measure the association between the interventions and the resulting transition from poverty.RESULTS: Between 2004 and 2009, poverty was reduced as a number of interventions increased. Although microcredit was inequitably distributed across the population, combined with home gardening and technical training, it resulted in significant poverty reduction in this rural area.CONCLUSIONS:Sustainable interventions reduced poverty in the rural areas studied by about one- third.
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| 55. |
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| 56. |
- Blandón-Díaz, Jorge Ulises
(author)
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Insights into population structure and epidemiology of Phytophthora infestans from Nicaragua
- 2011
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont) de Bary is a constraint to both potato and tomato crops in the northern highlands of Nicaragua. This thesis describes studies on population structure and epidemiology of P. infestans from Nicaragua. The genotypic and phenotypic variation in isolates of P. infestans collected in potato and tomato growing areas of northern Nicaragua were analyzed using genotypic (SSR fingerprinting and mtDNA haplotyping) and phenotypic markers (mating type, virulence and fungicide sensitivity). Genotypic markers revealed no polymorphism among the P. infestans isolates tested. Phenotypic variation was observed. Nicaraguan population of P. infestans is dominated by a clonal lineage of the A2 mating type, Ia mtDNA haplotype and no evidence of genetic population differentiation among potato and tomato isolates was found. The aggressiveness of P. infestans isolates sampled from potato and tomato fields was determined through cross-inoculations experiments. Potato and tomato isolates both had a shorter LP, higher SP, and were more aggressive on tomato leaflets compared to potato ones. The adequacy of the late blight simulation model LATEBLIGHT (version LB2004) was evaluated under Nicaraguan conditions. During 2007-2008 field experiments were conducted in Nicaragua. The simulation model was considered adequate as it accurately predicted high disease severity in susceptible cultivars without fungicide sprays, and demonstrated a decrease in the disease progress curves with additional fungicide applications, similar to that observed in the field plots. The quantitative relationship between host resistance and the need for fungicide was also investigated using simulations performed with LATEBLIGHT, as well as field trials.
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| 57. |
- Becker-Dreps, Sylvia, et al.
(author)
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Community Diarrhea Incidence Before and After Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction in Nicaragua
- 2013
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In: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. - : American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. - 0002-9637 .- 1476-1645. ; 89:2, s. 246-250
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We estimated the incidence of watery diarrhea in the community before and after introduction of the pentavalent rotavirus vaccine in Leon, Nicaragua. A random sample of households was selected before and after rotavirus vaccine introduction. All children < 5 years of age in selected households were eligible for inclusion. Children were followed every 2 weeks for watery diarrhea episodes. The incidence rate was estimated as numbers of episodes per 100 child-years of exposure time. A mixed effects Poisson regression model was fit to compare incidence rates in the pre-vaccine and vaccine periods. The pre-vaccine cohort (N = 726) experienced 36 episodes per 100 child-years, and the vaccine cohort (N = 826) experienced 25 episodes per 100 child-years. The adjusted incidence rate ratio was 0.60 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.40, 0.91) during the vaccine period versus the pre-vaccine period, indicating a lower incidence of watery diarrhea in the community during the vaccine period.
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| 58. |
- Amaya, Erick José
(author)
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Antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria affecting children from León, Nicaragua
- 2010
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Annual child mortality has declined in the world from 12.5 million in 1990 to 8.8 million in 2008. Yet, infectious diseases are still the major cause of death in this group (6.97 million); with diarrhoea responsible for the death of 1.3 million and neonatal septicaemia for 0.5 million. On the positive side, Latin America/Caribbean is among the regions with the highest progress in reduction of child mortality. In Nicaragua, nearly 4000 children under 5 years of age died in 2008, with diarrhoea as the cause of death for 343 children and neonatal sepsis for the death of 62 children. A key problem in the management of diseases such as diarrhoea or septicaemia has been the emergence of antibiotic resistant Gram-negative bacteria. The treatment options for Gram-negative infections affecting children are scarce or with probable toxics effects as for the neonates. Thus, the global burden of antimicrobial resistance requires appropriate interventions. Local surveillance to identify prevalent pathogens and bacterial resistance patterns is necessary for selecting optimal treatment regimens with the aim of a positive outcome in the patient. Furthermore, the evidence that this surveillance can provide with the environmental water is crucial in order to create risk management strategies for these settings. However, in Nicaragua this information is still lacking. Thus the studies presented in this thesis focused in the determination of the prevalence of antibiotic resistant Gram-negative bacteria in children and environmental water. The results from the first study are: 74% (34/46) of the bacteria related to neonates with septicaemia were Gram-negative bacteria, mainly Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens and Serratia liquefaciens. Interestingly, these pathogens were also isolated in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) environment. The K. pneumoniae showed clonal similarity among the isolates affecting neonates and those from the NICU s environment. High levels of antibiotic resistance were found in those Gram-negative, e.g. more than 85% of K. pneumoniae strains from neonates with septicaemia, and the environment were resistant to ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, and gentamicin. Furthermore, a high prevalence of TEM-1, SVH-11/12 and CTX-M-15-producing Gram-negative bacteria from the neonates with septicaemia and the NICU s environment was found. Thus, implementation of infection control practices, and appropriate empirical therapy should also be considered to reduce the prevalence as well as the dissemination of these organisms in this area. The results from the second study are: 47% (296 of 727) of the E. coli isolates analyzed were resistant to ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Enteroaggregative E. coli showed higher resistance levels to most of the tested antibiotics when compared to other E. coli categories. In general, the antibiotic resistance level in E. coli, from children with/without diarrhoea, have not yet reached the high levels of resistance to the most common antibiotics used for diarrhoea treatment as in other countries, yet CTX-M-5 or CTX-M-15 production was detected in some multi-antibiotic resistant diarrhoeagenic and non-diarrhoeagenic E. coli isolates. This suggests the emergence of ESBL in the Nicaraguan community and may indicate future treatments complications. The results from the third study are: Among all of the E. coli isolates included in this study, those from the hospital sewage water showed higher antibiotic resistance levels to ampicillin (100%), nalidixic acid (70%), ciprofloxacin (69%), chloramphenicol (69%) and trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole (100%) compared to the other E. coli isolates. Among the well water samples which represent the contribution of the community in the input of antibiotic resistance bacteria to the aquatic environment, E. coli isolates from well water sample P55 were fully resistant to the tested antibiotics which indicated a high contribution to the spread of multi-antibiotic resistant bacteria. Our results suggest that multi-resistant CTX-M-9 and CTX-M-15-producing E. coli were widely spread in hospital sewage water and some community water samples.
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| 59. |
- Mendieta-Araica, Bryan
(author)
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Moringa oleifera as an alternative fodder for dairy cows in Nicaragua
- 2011
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The four studies comprising this thesis characterised Moringa oleifera as a fodder for dairy cows under dry tropical conditions in Nicaragua. An agronomy study examined, two planting densities (D1=100,000 and D2=167,000 plants ha-1) and four fertilisation levels (N1=0, N2=261, N3=521 and N4=782 kg N ha-1). The D2 density gave significantly higher yields of total dry matter ha-1 (TDMY) and fine fraction dry matter ha-1 (FFDM) compared with D1. There were significant interactions between fertilisation level and the variables year and cut with regard to TDMY and FFDM. However, fertilisation levels N3 and N4 gave the highest yield in both years and among all cuts. A study on Moringa leaf meal (MLM), as a protein source in concentrates to dairy cows found no significant difference in milk production when comparing isocaloric and isoproteinic concentrates with or without MLM. In an ensiling experiment, Moringa was ensiled alone with 10 g kg-1 fresh matter (FM) molasses and compared with several mixtures with Elephant grass and sugar cane. Pure Moringa biomass produced silage with a higher crude protein (CP) content and had a favourable effect on silage pH, with higher lactic acid concentrations, but the presence of Moringa decreased time to spoilage by 67 h (22%) compared with the Elephant grass silages. Feeding Moringa as the sole roughage, either fresh or ensiled, compared with feeding Elephant grass resulted in higher digestibility of both CP and fibre but milk yield did not differ (13.7 kg cow day-1). No differences in milk composition were found between treatments but when fresh Moringa was fed a grassy flavour and aroma was detected in the milk. In conclusion, to maintain high biomass yield of Moringa over time, the best planting density-fertiliser combination was D2 and N3. MLM can successfully replace commercial concentrate ingredients for dairy cows. Furthermore, Moringa ensiled alone, with only 10 or 50 g kg-1 FM molasses added, produces good quality silage that can be fed to dairy cows in large quantities while maintaining the same milk production level and milk quality as for cows fed conventional roughages.
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| 60. |
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