| 1. |
- Ljungman, Petter L S, et al.
(author)
-
Rapid effects of air pollution on ventricular arrhythmias.
- 2008
-
In: European heart journal. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1522-9645 .- 0195-668X. ; 29:23, s. 2894-901
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- AIMS: Air pollution has been associated with ventricular arrhythmias in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) for exposure periods of 24-48 h. Only two studies have investigated exposure periods <24 h. We aimed to explore such effects during the 2 and 24 preceding hours as well as in relation to distance from the place of the event to the air pollution monitor. METHODS AND RESULTS: We used a case-crossover design to investigate the effects of particulate matter <10 microm in diameter (PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in 211 patients with ICD devices in Gothenburg and Stockholm, Sweden. Events interpreted as ventricular arrhythmias were downloaded from the ICDs, and air pollution data were collected from urban background monitors. We found an association between 2 h moving averages of PM10 and ventricular arrhythmia [odds ratio (OR) 1.31, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.00-1.72], whereas the OR for 24 h moving averages was 1.24 (95% CI 0.87-1.76). Corresponding ORs for events occurring closest to the air pollution monitor were 1.76 (95% CI 1.18-2.61) and 1.74 (95% CI 1.07-2.84), respectively. Events occurring in Gothenburg showed stronger associations than in Stockholm. CONCLUSION: Moderate increases in air pollution appear to be associated with ventricular arrhythmias in ICD patients already after 2 h, although future studies including larger numbers of events are required to confirm these findings. Representative geographical exposure classification seems important in studies of these effects.
|
|
| 2. |
- Molnár, Peter, 1967, et al.
(author)
-
Indoor and outdoor concentrations of PM2.5 trace elements at homes, preschools and schools in Stockholm, Sweden
- 2007
-
In: Journal of Environmental Monitoring. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1464-0325. ; 9:4, s. 348-357
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Fine particles (PM2.5) were sampled indoors and outdoors at 40 sampling sites; in ten classrooms in five schools, at ten preschools and 20 non-smoking homes, in three communities in Stockholm, Sweden, during nine 2-week periods. Each sampling site was sampled twice, once during winter and once during spring. The samples were analysed for elemental concentrations using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy. In all locations significantly higher outdoor concentrations were found for elements that are related to long-range transported air masses (S, Ni, Br and Pb), while only Ti was higher indoors in all locations. Similar differences for S, Br and Pb were found in both seasons for homes and schools. In preschools different seasonal patterns were seen for the long-range transported elements S, Br and Pb and the crustal elements Ti, Mn and Fe. The indoor/outdoor ratios for S and Pb suggest an outdoor PM2.5 particle net infiltration of about 0.6 in these buildings. The community located 25 km from the city centre had significantly lower outdoor concentrations of elements of crustal or traffic origin compared with the two central communities, but had similar levels of long-range transported elements. Significant correlations were found between PM2.5 and most elements outdoors (r(s) = 0.45-0.90). Copper levels were found to correlate well (r(s) = 0.64-0.91) to the traffic marker NO2 during both winter and spring in all locations. Copper may be a suitable elemental marker for traffic-related aerosols in health studies in areas without other significant outdoor Cu sources.
|
|
| 3. |
- Rosenlund, Mats, et al.
(author)
-
Daily intake of magnesium and calcium from drinking water in relation to myocardial infarction
- 2005
-
In: Epidemiology. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 1044-3983 .- 1531-5487. ; 16:4, s. 570-576
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND:A decreased risk for cardiovascular disease has been related to the hardness of drinking water, particularly high levels of magnesium. However, the evidence is still uncertain, especially in relation to individual intake from water.METHODS:We used data from the Stockholm Heart Epidemiology Program, a population-based case-control study conducted during 1992-1994, to study the association between myocardial infarction and the daily intake of drinking water magnesium and calcium. Our analyses are based on 497 cases age 45-70 years, and 677 controls matched on age, sex, and hospital catchment area. Individual data on magnesium, calcium, and hardness of the domestic drinking water were assessed from waterwork registers or analyses of well water.RESULTS:After adjustment for the matching variables and smoking, hypertension, socioeconomic status, job strain, body mass index, diabetes, and physical inactivity, the odds ratio for myocardial infarction was 1.09 (95% confidence interval = 0.81-1.46) associated with a tap water hardness above the median (>4.4 German hardness degrees) and 0.88 (0.67-1.15) associated with a water magnesium intake above the median (>1.86 mg/d). There was no apparent sign of any exposure-response pattern related to water intake of magnesium or calcium.CONCLUSIONS:This study does not support previous reports of a protective effect on myocardial infarction associated with consumption of drinking water with higher levels of hardness, magnesium, or calcium.
|
|
| 4. |
- Rosenlund, Mats, et al.
(author)
-
Long-Term Exposure to Urban Air Pollution and Myocardial Infarction
- 2006
-
In: Epidemiology. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 1044-3983 .- 1531-5487. ; 17:4, s. 383-390
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND:Cohort studies have reported increased risks of cardiopulmonary mortality from long-term air pollution exposure, but the evidence is limited and inconclusive. We studied the association between long-term exposure to source-specific air pollution and myocardial infarction (MI) in a case-control study of first-time MI cases and population controls age 45 to 70 years in Stockholm county in 1992 to 1994. METHODS:Home addresses during several decades were combined with historical emission databases and dispersion models to obtain annual mean levels of pollutants from traffic and heating during 30 years for 1397 cases and 1870 controls. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 microm (PM10) were used as indicators of traffic emissions and sulfur dioxide (SO2) as an indicator of emissions from residential heating. RESULTS:There was no association between long-term average air pollution exposure and overall MI, but an increased risk of fatal MI was suggested, especially for out-of-hospital death. After adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors, the odds ratio for fatal MI associated with a 5th to 95th percentile difference in 30-year average exposure was 1.51 (95% confidence interval = 0.96-2.16) for NO2, 1.22 (0.98-1.52) for CO, 1.39 (0.94-2.07) for PM10, and 1.24 (0.77-2.02) for SO2. For out-of-hospital death, the odds ratio related to NO2 exposure was 2.17 (1.05-4.51). CONCLUSIONS:This study provides some support for an association between long-term air pollution exposure and fatal cardiovascular disease.
|
|
| 5. |
- Yazar, Mine, et al.
(author)
-
Cancerframkallandeämnen i tätortsluft 2009
- 2009
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Cancerframkallande ämnen i tätortsluftär en studie som utförs på uppdrag avNaturvårdsverket. Projektet utförs i fem städer i Sverige (Stockholm, Göteborg, Malmö,Umeå och Lindesberg) och återkommer till samma stad ungefär vart femte år. Studiengenomfördes första gången i Stockholm 2002 och nu senast hösten 2009. Syftet är attundersöka allmänbefolkningens exponering för 1,3-butadien, bensen, formaldehyd ochkvävedioxid samt PM2.5 och ett antal polycykliska aromatiska kolväten (PAH), däriblandbens(a)pyren. I studien 2009 i Stockholm gjordes även ett tillägg med analys av kväveoxideroch sot. Resultaten används främst för att utvärdera miljökvalitetsmålet ”Frisk luft” och somunderlag för en förbättrad riskvärdering hos allmänbefolkningen. De ämnen som ingår istudien är vanliga i tätortsluft och kan ge olika symtom i luftvägar, ögon och slemhinnor, geupphov till hjärt- kärlsjukdom samt vara cancerframkallande i höga koncentrationer.Fyrtio deltagare rekryterades slumpmässigt till studien för personburna mätningar under envecka varav 20 utförde en upprepad mätning några veckor senare. Parallellt med depersonburna mätningarna gjordes stationära mätningar vid två referensplatser, urban bakgrund(taknivå, Wollmar Yxkullsgatan) och vid trafikerad gata (Hornsgatan). Partikelmätningargjordes med pump i 20 av deltagarnas vardagsrum under två dygn och även samtidigt vid denurbana bakgrundsplatsen. Av deltagarna var 21 män och 19 kvinnor. Hälften bodde iStockholms innerstad och hälften utanför innerstaden. Medelåldern var 38 år och fem avdeltagarna var rökare. Större delen av deltagarnas tid (89 procent i mätomgång ett)tillbringades i olika inomhusmiljöer.För samtliga ämnen som ingick i studien var halterna högre vid trafikerad gata än vid urbanbakgrund. Kväveoxider och kvävedioxid samt 1,3-butadien och bensen samvarierade vidbägge referensplatser. Kväveoxider och kvävedioxid samvarierade även mellanreferensplatserna. Det fanns ett statistiskt säkerställt samband mellan PM2.5 och sot samtmellan PM2.5 och bens(a)pyren i den urbana bakgrunden. Bens(a)pyren korrelerade även medsot i urban bakgrund.Halter av 1,3-butadien var statistiskt säkerställt högre för rökare jämfört med icke-rökare.Formaldehydhalterna var lägre hos de deltagare som bodde i innerstaden, jämfört med demsom bodde utanför innerstaden. Det fanns även en signifikant skillnad mellan deltagare medoch utan gasspis i hemmet, där de med gasspis hade högre halter av kväveoxider ochkvävedioxid.Halterna för de personburna mätningarna av kväveoxider samvarierade statistiskt säkert medde uppmätta halterna i urban bakgrund. Inga andra ämnen som mättes personburet uppvisadenågot samband med referensplatsmätningarna. Det fanns inget samband mellan partiklarnasom mättes inomhus hos deltagarna och utomhus på referensplatsen i urban bakgrund.Däremot fanns ett signifikant samband mellan inom- och utomhushalterna av bens(a)pyren.Halterna för de personburna mätningarna hade minskat mellan år 2002 (då studien tidigareutförts i Stockholm) och 2009 för samtliga ämnen som undersöktes i studien. Vid bäggereferensplatserna var halterna i samma nivå eller lägre för 1,3-butadien, bensen, formaldehyd,kvävedioxid och bens(a)pyren, förutom för formaldehyd vid trafikerad gata där det skett enökning.
|
|
