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- Sargeson, A. M., et al.
(author)
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Names and symbols for the transfermium elements
- 1997
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In: Pure and Applied Chemistry. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 0033-4545 .- 1365-3075. ; 69:12, s. 2471-2473
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The recommendations (ref. 1) of the Commission on Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (CNIC) on the nomenclature of the transfermium elements (101-109, inclusive) were considered by the IUPAC Bureau at Guildford (UK) in September 1995. As a result of the various criticisms of the recommendations and theway that they had been processed, the Bureau decided to adopt the recommendations as provisional and to circulate them to national/regional nomenclature centres in the normal way, with notices to be published innational/regional chemistry journals and magazines, requesting submission of comments to CNIC. In particular, the National Adhering Organizations (NAOs) were invited to express their views concerning the extant proposals for the names of these elements and the principles and traditions used to derive them. The response from the general chemical community was small, and the bulk of the replies came from nuclear scientists.
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| 2. |
- Dueñas, M., et al.
(author)
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In vitro immunization of naive human B cells yields high affinity immunuglobulin G antibodies as illustrated by phage display
- 1996
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In: Immunology. - 0019-2805. ; 89:1, s. 1-7
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In vitro antibody responses to a synthetic immunogen, consisting of both a B cell [V3 loop of gp120 from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)] and a T-helper epitope (15 amino acids of tetanus toxoid) was studied. The in vitro activation was performed by primary and secondary in vitro immunizations, using lymphocytes obtained from uninfected, seronegative donors. Analysis of the in vitro immune response demonstrated an antigen-specific isotype switch, which was dependent on the presence of antigen-specific T-helper cells, CD40 ligation and antigen. Antibody libraries were constructed from cells derived directly from the naive donors, or from primary or secondary in vitro immunized B cells. Five libraries were displayed on filamentous phage and selected for anti-V3-specific Fab fragments, using a selection approach that linked recognition and phage replication. A panel of 19 recombinant antigen-specific Fab, representing different phases of the humoral in vitro immune response, were sequenced, expressed and analysed using a biosensor. Recombinant Fab fragments derived from cultures on day 12 exhibited an increase in affinity of close to two orders of magnitude compared to those obtained from cells primary immunized for 7 days. This study provides the first evidence that an antigen-specific in vitro immune response can yield high-affinity immunoglobuling G antibodies.
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