| 1. |
- Afghahi, Henri, 1966, et al.
(author)
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Risk factors for the development of albuminuria and renal impairment in type 2 diabetes—the Swedish National Diabetes Register (NDR)
- 2010
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In: Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0931-0509 .- 1460-2385. ; 26:4, s. 1236-1243
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background. The aim of this study was to identify clinical risk factors associated with the development of albuminuria and renal impairment in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). In addition, we evaluated if different equations to estimate renal function had an impact on interpretation of data. This was done in a nationwide population-based study using data from the Swedish National Diabetes Register. Methods. Three thousand and six hundred sixty-seven patients with T2D aged 30-74 years with no signs of renal dysfunction at baseline (no albuminuria and eGFR >60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) according to MDRD) were followed up for 5 years (2002-2007). Renal outcomes, development of albuminuria and/or renal impairment [eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) by MDRD or eCrCl > 60 mL/min by Cockgroft-Gault (C-G)] were assessed at follow-up. Univariate regression analyses and stepwise regression models were used to identify significant clinical risk factors for renal outcomes. Results. Twenty percent of patients developed albuminuria, and 11% renal impairment; thus, ~6-7% of all patients developed non-albuminuric renal impairment. Development of albuminuria or renal impairment was independently associated with high age (all P < 0.001), high systolic BP (all P < 0.02) and elevated triglycerides (all P < 0.02). Additional independent risk factors for albuminuria were high BMI (P < 0.01), high HbA1c (P < 0.001), smoking (P < 0.001), HDL (P < 0.05) and male sex (P < 0.001), and for renal impairment elevated plasma creatinine at baseline and female sex (both P < 0.001). High BMI was an independent risk factor for renal impairment when defined by MDRD (P < 0.01), but low BMI was when defined by C-G (P < 0.001). Adverse effects of BMI on HbA1c, blood pressure and lipids accounted for ~50% of the increase risk for albuminuria, and for 41% of the increased risk for renal impairment (MDRD). Conclusions. Distinct sets of risk factors were associated with the development of albuminuria and renal impairment consistent with the concept that they are not entirely linked in patients with type 2 diabetes. Obesity and serum triglycerides are semi-novel risk factors for development of renal dysfunction and BMI accounted for a substantial proportion of the increased risk. The equations used to estimate renal function (MDRD vs. C-G) had an impact on interpretation of data, especially with regard to body composition and gender.
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| 2. |
- Cederholm, Jan, et al.
(author)
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A new model for 5-year risk of cardiovascular disease in Type 1 diabetes : from the Swedish National Diabetes Register (NDR)
- 2011
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In: Diabetic Medicine. - : Wiley. - 0742-3071 .- 1464-5491. ; 28:10, s. 1213-1220
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aims: We assessed the association between risk factors and cardiovascular disease in an observational study of patients with Type 1 diabetes from the Swedish National Diabetes Register.Methods: A derivation sample of 3661 patients, aged 30-65 years, 6.1% with previous cardiovascular disease, baseline 2002, and 197 cardiovascular disease events when followed for 5 years until 2007. A separate validation data set of 4484 patients, baseline 2003, 201 cardiovascular disease events when followed for 4 years.Results: Adjusted hazard ratios at Cox regression for fatal/non-fatal cardiovascular disease were: diabetes duration 2.76 (2.21-3.44); onset age 1.47 (1.21-1.78); log ratio total cholesterol:HDL cholesterol 1.26 (1.09-1.45); log HbA(1c) 1.19 (1.03-1.38); log systolic blood pressure 1.17 (1.01-1.34) (1 SD increase in continuous variables); smoker 1.76 (1.27-2.46); macroalbuminuria (> 200 mu g/min) 1.52 (1.10-2.10); previous cardiovascular disease 3.51 (2.54-4.84). All eight variables were used to elaborate a risk equation for 5-year cardiovascular disease risk. Regarding calibration in the derivation data set, ratio predicted 5-year risk (mean 5.4 +/- 7.9%) to observed event rate was 1.0. Discrimination was sufficient, with C-statistic 0.83, sensitivity and specificity 72 and 77%, respectively, for the top quartile of predicted risk. Similarly, calibration and discrimination were adequate in the validation data set: ratio of predicted 4-year risk/observed rate 0.94, C-statistic 0.80, sensitivity and specificity 62 and 77%, respectively, for the top quartile.Conclusions: This 5-year cardiovascular disease risk model from a large observational study of patients with Type 1 diabetes in routine care showed adequate calibration and discrimination and can be useful for clinical practice. It should also be tested in patients with Type 1 diabetes from other countries.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Cederholm, Jan, et al.
(author)
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Systolic blood pressure and risk of cardiovascular diseases in type 2 diabetes : an observational study from the Swedish national diabetes register
- 2010
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In: Journal of Hypertension. - 0263-6352 .- 1473-5598. ; 28:10, s. 2026-2035
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objectives: To estimate risks of fatal/nonfatal coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke and cardiovascular disease (CVD) with SBP in an observational study of patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: Twelve thousand, six hundred and seventy-seven patients aged 30–75 years, treated with antihypertensive drugs, without previous congestive heart failure, followed for 5 years. Results: Risk curves of CHD and stroke increased progressively with higher baseline or updated mean SBP in a Cox model, in all participants, and in two subgroups without (n = 10 304) or with (n = 2373) a history of CVD, with no J-shaped risk curves at low SBP levels. Hazard ratios for CHD and stroke per 10-mmHg increase in updated mean SBP in all participants, adjusting for clinical characteristics and traditional risk factors, were 1.08 (1.04–1.13) and 1.20 (1.13–1.27), P < 0.001. With updated mean SBP of 110–129 mmHg as reference, SBP of at least 140 mmHg showed risk increases of 37% for CHD, 86% for stroke and 44% for CVD (P = 0.001 to <0.001), whereas SBP of 130–139 mmHg showed nonsignificant risk increases for these outcomes. With baseline SBP of 110–129 mmHg, CHD and CVD risks increased with further SBP reduction, hazard ratios were 1.77 and 1.73 (P = 0.002), but decreased considerably for CHD, stroke and CVD with higher baseline SBP. Conclusion: Risks of CHD and stroke increased progressively with higher SBP, with no J-shaped curves, although risk increase was significant only for SBP of at least 140 mmHg, but not comparing 130–139 and 110–129 mmHg. Additionally, baseline SBP of 110–129 mmHg showed increased CHD and CVD risk with further SBP reduction during follow-up, whereas baseline SBP of at least 130 showed benefits.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Ekström, Nils, et al.
(author)
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Aspirin treatment and risk of first incident cardiovascular diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes : an observational study from the Swedish National Diabetes Register
- 2013
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In: BMJ Open. - : BMJ Publishing Group. - 2044-6055. ; 3:4, s. e002688-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objectives To investigate the benefits and risks associated with aspirin treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes and no previous cardiovascular disease (CVD) in clinical practice. Design Population-based cohort study between 2005 and 2009, mean follow-up 3.9years. Setting Hospital outpatient clinics and primary care in Sweden. Participants Men and women with type 2 diabetes, free from CVD, including atrial fibrillation and congestive heart failure, at baseline, registered in the Swedish National Diabetes Register, with continuous low-dose aspirin treatment (n=4608) or no aspirin treatment (n=14038). Main outcome measures Risks of CVD, coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, mortality and bleedings, associated with aspirin compared with no aspirin, were analysed in all patients and in subgroups by gender and estimated cardiovascular risk. Propensity scores were used to adjust for several baseline risk factors and characteristics at Cox regression, and the effect of unknown covariates was evaluated in a sensitivity analysis. Results There was no association between aspirin use and beneficial effects on risks of CVD or death. Rather, there was an increased risk of non-fatal/fatal CHD associated with aspirin; HR 1.19 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.41), p=0.04. The increased risk of cardiovascular outcomes associated with aspirin was seen when analysing women separately; HR 1.41 (95% CI 1.07 to 1.87), p=0.02, and HR 1.28 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.61), p=0.04, for CHD and CVD, respectively, but not for men separately. There was a trend towards increased risk of a composite of bleedings associated with aspirin, n=157; HR 1.41 (95% CI 0.99 to 1.99). Conclusions The results support the trend towards more restrictive use of aspirin in patients with type 2 diabetes and no previous CVD. More research is needed to explore the differences in aspirin's effects in women and men.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Ekström, Nils, et al.
(author)
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Glucose-lowering treatment and clinical results in 163 121 patients with type 2 diabetes: an observational study from the Swedish national diabetes register
- 2012
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In: Diabetes Obesity & Metabolism. - : Wiley. - 1462-8902 .- 1463-1326. ; 14:8, s. 717-726
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aims: To analyse clinical characteristics and treatment results in unselected type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, with non-pharmacological treatment as well as the most commonly used pharmacological glucose-lowering treatment regimens, in everyday clinical practice. Methods: In this population-based cross-sectional study, information was linked from the Swedish National Diabetes Register, Prescribed Drug Register and Patient Register. T2DM patients with non-pharmacological treatment and T2DM patients continuously using the 12 most common pharmacological treatment regimens were included in the study (n = 163121). Results: There were statistically significant differences in clinical characteristics between the groups. Patients with insulin-based treatment regimens had the longest duration of diabetes and more cardiovascular risk factors than the T2DM-population in general. The proportion of patients reaching HbA1c =7% varied between 70.1% (metformin) and 25.0% [premixed insulin (PMI) + SU) in patients with pharmacological treatment. 84.8% of the patients with non-pharmacological treatment reached target. Compared to patients on metformin, patients on other pharmacological treatments had a lower likelihood, with hazard ratios ranging from 0.58; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.540.63 to 0.97;0.940.99, of having HbA1c =7% (adjusted for covariates). Patients on insulin-based treatments had the lowest likelihood, while non-pharmacological treatment was associated with an increased likelihood of having HbA1c =7%. Conclusion: This nation-wide study shows insufficiently reached treatment goals for haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in all treatment groups. Patients on insulin-based treatment regimens had the longest duration of diabetes, more cardiovascular risk factors and the highest proportions of patients not reaching HbA1c target.
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| 12. |
- Eliasson, Björn, 1959, et al.
(author)
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Clinical Usefulness of Different Lipid Measures for Prediction of Coronary Heart Disease in Type 2 Diabetes: A report from the Swedish National Diabetes Register.
- 2011
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In: Diabetes care. - : American Diabetes Association. - 1935-5548 .- 0149-5992. ; 34:9, s. 2095-2100
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVE We assessed the association between different blood lipid measures and risk of fatal/nonfatal coronary heart disease (CHD). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted an observational study of patients with type 2 diabetes from the Swedish National Diabetes Register. Baseline LDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, ratio of non-HDL to HDL cholesterol (non-HDL:HDL), and ratio of triacylglycerol to HDL cholesterol (TG:HDL) was measured in 18,673 patients aged 30-70 years, followed for a mean of 4.8 years from 2003 to 2007. RESULTS Hazard ratios (HRs) for CHD per 1-SD increment in lipid measures were 1.23 with non-HDL:HDL, 1.20 with non-HDL cholesterol, 1.17 with LDL cholesterol, and 1.15 with TG:HDL (all P < 0.001 when adjusted for clinical characteristics and nonlipid risk factors). The best global model fit was found with non-HDL:HDL. When patients within the lowest tertile of a lipid measure were compared with those with all lipid measures within the highest tertile, the adjusted HR for CHD was 0.62 with non-HDL:HDL <3.5 mmol/L, 0.65 with non-HDL cholesterol <3.3 mmol/L, and 0.70 with LDL cholesterol <2.5 mmol/L (all P < 0.001). The lowest tertile of LDL and non-HDL cholesterol corresponded with treatment targets according to U.S. and European guidelines. HRs for CHD were 0.52, 0.62, and 0.66 with the lowest deciles of non-HDL:HDL, non-HDL cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol ≤1.8 mmol/L (all P < 0.001). Mean TG:HDL was considerably lower in patients within the lowest tertile of non-HDL:HDL, 0.82 ± 0.47, than in those within the lowest tertile of LDL cholesterol (<2.5 mmol/L), 1.49 ± 1.03. CONCLUSIONS Non-HDL:HDL had a stronger effect on CHD risk than LDL cholesterol, and low TG:HDL values were more often seen within the lowest non-HDL:HDL tertile than within the lowest LDL cholesterol tertile. LDL cholesterol was not the best predictor of CHD risk in type 2 diabetes.
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| 13. |
- Eliasson, Björn, 1959, et al.
(author)
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Diabetes mellitus
- 2011
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In: Medcin. - Lund : Studentlitteratur. - 9789144056593
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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| 14. |
- Eliasson, Björn, 1959, et al.
(author)
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LDL-cholesterol versus non-HDL-to-HDL-cholesterol ratio and risk for coronary heart disease in type 2 diabetes.
- 2014
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In: European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 2047-4873 .- 2047-4881. ; 21:11, s. 1420-1428
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- AIMS: We assessed the association between different blood lipid measures and risk of fatal/nonfatal coronary heart disease (CHD), which has been less analysed previously in type 2 diabetes. DESIGN, METHODS: Observational study of 46,786 patients with type 2 diabetes, aged 30-70 years, from the Swedish National Diabetes Register, followed for a mean of 5.8 years until 2009. Baseline and updated mean low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-, non-HDL-cholesterol, and non-HDL-to-HDL-cholesterol ratio were measured. RESULTS: Hazard ratios (HR) for CHD with quartiles 2-4 of baseline lipid measures, with lowest quartile 1 as reference: 1.03-1.29-1.63 for LDL; 1.23-1.41-1.95 for non-HDL; 1.29-1.39-1.57 for HDL; and 1.31-1.67-2.01 for non-HDL:HDL, all p<0.001 except for quartile 2 of LDL, when adjusted for clinical characteristics and nonlipid risk factors. A similar picture was seen with updated mean values. Splines with absolute 6-year CHD rates in a Cox model showed decreasing rates only down to around 3mmol/l for LDL, with linearly decreasing rates to the lowest level of non-HDL:HDL.Non-HDL and HDL were independent additive risk factors for CHD risk. HRs per 1SD continuous decrease in baseline or updated mean HDL were 1.14-1.17 when fully adjusted as above, and 1.08-1.13 when also adjusted for non-HDL (p<0.001). HRs were 1.13-1.16 adjusted for LDL, and 1.22-1.26 adjusted for total cholesterol and triglycerides (p<0.001). Splines showed progressively increasing 6-year CHD rates with lower HDL down to 0.5mmol/l. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that lower levels of non-HDL:HDL are a better risk marker for CHD than LDL-cholesterol below 3mmol/l.
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| 15. |
- Eriksson, Mats, et al.
(author)
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Blood lipids in 75,048 type 2 diabetic patients: a population-based survey from the Swedish National diabetes register.
- 2011
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In: European journal of cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation : official journal of the European Society of Cardiology, Working Groups on Epidemiology & Prevention and Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology. - 1741-8275 .- 1741-8267. ; 18:1, s. 97-105
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Type 2 diabetes and diabetic dyslipidemia are high-risk conditions for cardiovascular disease. However, the description of the distribution of blood lipids in diabetic patients has not been based on population-based surveys. The aim of this study was to describe diabetic dyslipidemia in a large unselected sample of patients from the Swedish National Diabetes Register.
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| 16. |
- Gudbjörnsdottir, Soffia, 1962, et al.
(author)
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Additive effects of glycaemia and dyslipidaemia on risk of cardiovascular diseases in type 2 diabetes: an observational study from the Swedish National Diabetes Register.
- 2011
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In: Diabetologia. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1432-0428 .- 0012-186X.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The study aimed to assess the relative importance of the control of HbA(1c) and total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio (TC/HDL) on risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). METHODS: In 22,135 participants with type 2 diabetes (age 30-75years, 15% with previous CVD) followed for 5years, baseline and annually updated mean HbA(1c) and TC/HDL were analysed and also categorised in combinations of quartiles. Outcomes were fatal/non-fatal CHD, stroke, CVD and total mortality. RESULTS: In all participants, HRs per 1 SD increase in updated mean HbA(1c) or TC/HDL using Cox regression analysis were 1.13 (95% CI 1.07, 1.19) and 1.31 (1.25, 1.37) for CHD, 1.15 (1.06, 1.24) and 1.25 (1.17, 1.34) for stroke, 1.13 (1.08, 1.18) and 1.29 (1.24, 1.34) for CVD (all p<0.001), and 1.07 (1.02, 1-13; p=0.01) and 1.18 (1.12, 1.24; p<0.001) for total mortality, respectively, adjusted for clinical characteristics and traditional risk factors. The p value for the interaction between HbA(1c) and TC/HDL was 0.02 for CHD, 0.6 for stroke and 0.1 for CVD. Adjusted mean 5-year event rates in a Cox model, in combinations of quartiles of updated mean TC/HDL and HbA(1c) (lowest <3.1mmol/l and 5.0-6.4% [31-46mmol/mol]; <3.1mmol/l and ≥7.8% [≥62mmol/mol]; ≥4.6mmol/l and 5.0-6.4% 31-46mmol/mol; and highest ≥4.6mmol/l and ≥7.8% [≥62mmol/mol]), were 4.8%, 7.0%, 9.1% and 14.5% for CHD, and 7.1%, 9.9%, 12.8% and 19.4% for CVD, respectively. Adjusted HRs for highest vs lowest combinations were 2.24 (1.58-3.18) for CHD and 2.43 (1.79-3.29) for CVD (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia were less than additive for CHD and additive for other endpoints, with the lowest risk at lowest combination levels and a considerable increase in absolute risk at high combination levels.
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| 17. |
- Miao Jonasson, Junmei, 1972, et al.
(author)
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HbA1C and Cancer Risk in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes - A Nationwide Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study in Sweden
- 2012
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In: Plos One. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 7:6
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Diabetes is associated with increased cancer risk. The underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Hyperglycemia might be one risk factor. HbA1c is an indicator of the blood glucose level over the latest 1 to 3 months. This study aimed to investigate association between HbA1c level and cancer risks in patients with type 2 diabetes based on real life situations. Methods: This is a cohort study on 25,476 patients with type 2 diabetes registered in the Swedish National Diabetes Register from 1997-1999 and followed until 2009. Follow-up for cancer was accomplished through register linkage. We calculated incidences of and hazard ratios (HR) for cancer in groups categorized by HbA1c <= 58 mmol/mol (7.5%) versus >58 mmol/mol, by quartiles of HbA1c, and by HbA1c continuously at Cox regression, with covariance adjustment for age, sex, diabetes duration, smoking and insulin treatment, or adjusting with a propensity score. Results: Comparing HbA1c >58 mmol/mol with <= 58 mmol/mol, adjusted HR for all cancer was 1.02 [95% CI 0.95-1.10] using baseline HbA1c, and 1.04 [95% CI 0.97-1.12] using updated mean HbA1c, and HRs were all non-significant for specific cancers of gastrointestinal, kidney and urinary organs, respiratory organs, female genital organs, breast or prostate. Similarly, no increased risks of all cancer or the specific types of cancer were found with higher quartiles of baseline or updated mean HbA1c, compared to the lowest quartile. HR for all cancer was 1.01 [0.98-1.04] per 1%-unit increase in HbA1c used as a continuous variable, with non-significant HRs also for the specific types of cancer per unit increase in HbA1c. Conclusions: In this study there were no associations between HbA1c and risks for all cancers or specific types of cancer in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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| 18. |
- Nilsson, Peter, et al.
(author)
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Trends in blood pressure control in patients with type 2 diabetes : data from the Swedish National Diabetes Register (NDR)
- 2011
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In: Blood Pressure. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0803-7051 .- 1651-1999. ; 20:6, s. 348-354
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We assessed blood pressure (BP) trends in patients with type 2 diabetes from a national diabetes register using three cross-sectional samples (aged 30?85 years) in 2005, 2007 and 2009, and in patients from 2005 followed individually until 2009. The prevalence of hypertension was 87% among all 180 369 patients in 2009, although lower in subgroups with ages 30?39, 40?49 and 50?59 years: 40%, 60% and 77%. In the three cross-sectional surveys, mean BP decreased (141/77?136/76 mmHg), uncontrolled BP? 140/90 mmHg decreased (58?46%), and antihypertensive drug treatment (AHT) increased (73?81%). Comparatively in 79 185 patients followed individually for 5 years, mean BP decreased (141/77?137/75 mmHg), uncontrolled BP ?140/90 mmHg decreased (58?47%) and AHT increased (73?82%). Independent predictors of BP decrease were BMI decrease (stronger) and increase in AHT. AHT occurred among 81% of all patients in 2009. In 57 645 patients on AHT followed individually, mean BP decreased (143/77?138/75 mmHg) and uncontrolled BP ?140/90 mmHg decreased (63?50%). Among 5164 patients with nephropathy on AHT followed individually, BP <130/80 mmHg increased (12?21%). In conclusion, BP control improved from 2005 to 2009, relative to BMI decrease and AHT increase, although still about half had BP ?140/90 mmHg.
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| 19. |
- Svensson, M. K., et al.
(author)
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Albuminuria and renal function as predictors of cardiovascular events and mortality in a general population of patients with type 2 diabetes: A nationwide observational study from the Swedish National Diabetes Register
- 2013
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In: Diabetes & Vascular Disease Research. - : SAGE Publications. - 1479-1641 .- 1752-8984. ; 10:6, s. 520-529
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: Reduced renal function and albuminuria predict cardiovascular (CV) events and mortality in type 2 diabetes (T2D). In addition, we evaluated the role of co-existing congestive heart failure (CHF) and other CV risk factors on CV events in a large observational population-based cohort of T2D patients. Research design and methods: We included 66,065 patients with T2D who were reported to the National Diabetes Register (NDR) in Sweden between 2003-2006 with a follow-up of 5.7 years. Data on outcomes were collected from the cause of death and hospital discharge registers. Results: A total of 10% of patients experienced a CV event and 3.7% of these were fatal. Increasing levels of albuminuria and renal impairment were independently associated with increasing risk of CV events and all-cause mortality also when adjusting for CHF. In normoalbuminuric patients, a reduction in renal function is an important predictor of CV events and all-cause mortality. Glycaemic control (high HbA1c), smoking and hyperlipidaemia had important effects on risk for CV events in patients with albuminuria, while high blood pressure, but not glycaemic control, had an effect in patients with normoalbuminuric renal impairment. Conclusion: Albuminuria and renal impairment are independent risk factors for CV outcomes and mortality in T2D, albuminuria being the strongest risk factor and relevant at all levels of renal function. In normoalbuminuric patients, a reduction in renal function is an important predictor of CV events and all-cause mortality.
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| 20. |
- Zethelius, Björn, et al.
(author)
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A new model for 5-year risk of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes, from the Swedish National Diabetes Register (NDR)
- 2011
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In: Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-8227 .- 1872-8227. ; 93:2, s. 276-284
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- AIM:We assessed the association between risk factors and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in an observational study of type 2 diabetes patients from the Swedish National Diabetes Register.METHODS:A derivation sample of 24,288 patients, aged 30-74 years, 15.3% with previous CVD, baseline 2002, 2488 CVD events when followed for 5 years until 2007. A separate validation data set of 4906 patients, baseline 2003, 522 CVD events when followed for 4 years.RESULTS:Adjusted hazard ratios at Cox regression for fatal/nonfatal CVD were: onset-age 1.59, diabetes duration 1.55, total-cholesterol-to-HDL-cholesterol ratio 1.20, HbA1c 1.12, systolic BP 1.09, BMI 1.07 (1 SD increase in natural log continuous variables); males 1.41, smoker 1.35, microalbuminuria 1.27, macroalbuminuria 1.53, atrial fibrillation 1.50, previous CVD 1.98 (all p<0.001 except BMI p=0.0018). All 12 variables were used to elaborate an equation for 5-year CVD risk in the derivation dataset: mean 5-year risk 11.9±8.4%. Calibration in the validation dataset was adequate: ratio predicted 4-year risk/observed rate 0.97. Discrimination was sufficient: C statistic 0.72, sensitivity 51% and specificity 78% for top quartile.CONCLUSION:This CVD risk model from a large observational study of patients in routine care showed adequate calibration and discrimination, and can be useful for clinical practice.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Afghahi, Henri, 1966, et al.
(author)
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Ongoing treatment with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-blocking agents does not predict normoalbuminuric renal impairment in a general type 2 diabetes population.
- 2013
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In: Journal of diabetes and its complications. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-460X .- 1056-8727. ; 27:3, s. 229-34
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- AIM: To examine the prevalence and the clinical characteristics associated with normoalbuminuric renal impairment (RI) in a general type 2 diabetes (T2D) population. METHODS: We included 94 446 patients with T2D (56% men, age 68.3±11.6years, BMI 29.6±5.3kg/m(2), diabetes duration 8.5±7.1years; means±SD) with renal function (serum creatinine) reported to the Swedish National Diabetes Register (NDR) in 2009. RI was defined as estimated glomerular filtration (eGFR)<60ml/min/1.73m(2) and albuminuria as a urinary albumin excretion rate (AER)>20μg/min. We linked the NDR to the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register, and the Swedish Cause of Death and the Hospital Discharge Register to evaluate ongoing medication and clinical outcomes. RESULTS: 17% of the patients had RI, and 62% of these patients were normoalbuminuric. This group of patients had better metabolic control, lower BMI, lower systolic blood pressure and were more often women, non-smokers and more seldom had a history of cardiovascular disease as compared with patients with albuminuric RI. 28% of the patients with normoalbuminuric RI had no ongoing treatment with any RAAS-blocking agent. Retinopathy was most common in patients with RI and albuminuria (31%). CONCLUSIONS: The majority of patients with type 2 diabetes and RI were normoalbuminuric despite the fact that 25% of these patients had no ongoing treatment with RAAS-blocking agents. Thus, RI in many patients with type 2 diabetes is likely to be caused by other factors than diabetic microvascular disease and ongoing RAAS-blockade.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Ahmad Kiadaliri, Aliasghar, et al.
(author)
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Health utilities of type 2 diabetes-related complications: a cross-sectional study in Sweden.
- 2014
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In: International journal of environmental research and public health. - : MDPI AG. - 1660-4601. ; 11:5, s. 4939-52
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study estimates health utilities (HU) in Sweden for a range of type 2 diabetes-related complications using EQ-5D and two alternative tariffs (UK and Swedish) from 1757 patients with type 2 diabetes from the Swedish National Diabetes Register (NDR). Ordinary least squares were used for statistical analysis. Lower HU was found for female gender, younger age at diagnosis, higher BMI, and history of complications. Microvascular and macrovascular complications had the most negative effect on HU among women and men, respectively. The greatest decline in HU was associated with kidney disorders (-0.114) using the UK tariff and stroke (-0.059) using the Swedish tariff. Multiple stroke and non-acute ischaemic heart disease had higher negative effect than a single event. With the UK tariff, each year elapsed since the last microvascular/macrovascular complication was associated with 0.013 and 0.007 units higher HU, respectively. We found important heterogeneities in effects of complications on HU in terms of gender, multiple event, and time. The Swedish tariff gave smaller estimates and so may result in less cost-effective interventions than the UK tariff. These results suggest that incorporating subgroup-specific HU in cost-utility analyses might provide more insight for informed decision-making.
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| 25. |
- Ahmad Kiadaliri, Aliasghar, et al.
(author)
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Predicting Changes in Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Type 2 Diabetes in the Post-UKPDS Era: Longitudinal Analysis of the Swedish National Diabetes Register
- 2013
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In: Journal of Diabetes Research. - : Hindawi Limited. - 2314-6745 .- 2314-6753. ; 2013
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of the current study was to provide updated time-path equations for risk factors of type-2-diabetes-related cardiovascular complications for application in risk calculators and health economic models. Observational data from the Swedish National Diabetes Register were analysed using Generalized Method of Moments estimation for dynamic panel models ( , aged 25–70 years at diagnosis in 2001–2004). Validation was performed using persons diagnosed in 2005 ( ). Results were compared with the UKPDS outcome model. The value of the risk factor in the previous year was the main predictor of the current value of the risk factor. People with high (low) values of risk factor in the year of diagnosis experienced a decreasing (increasing) trend over time. BMI was associated with elevations in all risk factors, while older age at diagnosis and being female generally corresponded to lower levels of risk factors. Updated time-path equations predicted risk factors more precisely than UKPDS outcome model equations in a Swedish population. Findings indicate new time paths for cardiovascular risk factors in the post-UKPDS era. The validation analysis confirmed the importance of updating the equations as new data become available; otherwise, the results of health economic analyses may be biased.
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