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| 2. |
- Halzen, F., et al.
(author)
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From the first neutrino telescope, the antarctic muon and neutrino detector array AMANDA, to the IceCube observatory
- 1999
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In: Proceedings of the 26th International Cosmic Ray Conference, August 17-25, 1999, Salt Lake City : Invited, Rapporteur, and Highlight Papers. - : American Institute of Physics (AIP). ; , s. 428-431
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)
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| 3. |
- Barwick, S. W., et al.
(author)
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Initial results from the AMANDA high-energy neutrino detector
- 1998
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In: High-energy physics. Proceedings, 29th International Conference, ICHEP'98, Vancouver, Canada, July 23-29, 1998. Vol. 1, 2. ; , s. 1447-1452
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)
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| 4. |
- Kuiper, Pieter, 1960-, et al.
(author)
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Resonant X-Ray raman spectra of Cu dd excitations in Sr2CuO2Cl2
- 1998
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In: Physical Review Letters. - College Park, MD : American Physical Society. - 0031-9007 .- 1079-7114. ; 80:23, s. 5204-5207
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We present resonant x-ray Raman scattering results on Sr2CuO2Cl2, a model compound for high- Tc superconductors. We demonstrate that the dd excitations can be observed and show that the polarization dependence can be used to identify the dd excitations. We find the transition from the dx2−y2 ground state to the dxy excited state at 1.35 eV and to the degenerate dxz and dyz excited states at 1.7 eV. From analysis of the polarization dependence we conclude that the d3z2−r2 orbital energy is at 1.5 eV and not in the midinfrared (0.5 eV) as recently suggested. We use recent theoretical arguments to show that the d3z2−r2 excitation is accompanied by a local spin flip resulting in a shift upwards of 0.2 eV due to the exchange interaction with the neighboring spins. ©1998 American Physical Society.
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| 6. |
- Wagner, W, et al.
(author)
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Europe ambivalent on biotechnology
- 1997
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In: Nature. - London : Nature Publishing Group. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 387, s. 845-847
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Eurobarometer on Biotechnology (46.1) was conducted during October and November 1996. The survey conducted in each EU (European Union) country used a multi-stage random sampling procedure and provided a statistically representative sample of national residents aged 15 and over. The total sample within the EU was 16,246 respondents (about 1,000 per EU country). The survey questionnaire was designed by the authors as part of a larger study involving the comparative analysis of public perceptions, media coverage and public policy in relation to biotechnology from 1973 to the present.
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| 8. |
- Barany, George, et al.
(author)
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Poly(ethylene glycol)-containing supports for solid-phase synthesis of peptides and combinatorial organic libraries.
- 1997
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In: Poly(ethylene glycol): Chemistry and Biological Applications, ACS Symp. Series. - Washington, DC : American Chemical Society. - 9780841235373 ; 680, s. 239-264
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Book chapter (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- The choice of a polymeric support is a key factor for the success of solid-phase methods for syntheses of organic compounds and biomolecules such as peptides and oligonucleotides. Classical Merrifield solid-phase peptide synthesis, performed on low cross-linked hydrophobic polystyrene (PS) beads, sometimes suffers from sequence-dependent coupling difficulties. The concept of incorporating PEG into supports for solid-phase synthesis represents a successful approach to alleviating such problems. This chapter reviews the preparation of families of poly(ethylene glycol)-polystyrene (PEG-PS)graft as well as (highly) Cross-Linked Ethoxylate Acrylate Resin (CLEAR) supports developed in our laboratories, and demonstrates their applications to the syntheses of a wide range of targets in connection with numerous research objectives.
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| 10. |
- De Graaf, Cees, et al.
(author)
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Stages of dietary change among nationally-representative samples of adults in the European Union
- 1997
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In: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - 0954-3007 .- 1476-5640. ; 51:Suppl. 2, s. S47-S56
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: To investigate the distribution across the different stages of change for each of the 15 participating European countries, and the effect of socio-demographic variables such as sex and education on this distribution. Also to assess the relationships between stages of change and influences of food choice, and other variables. Design: A cross-sectional study in which quota-controlled, nationally-representative samples of approximately 1000 adults from each country completed a face-to-face interview-assisted questionnaire. Setting: The survey was conducted between October 1995 and February 1996 in the 15 member states of the European Union. Subjects: 14,331 subjects (aged 15 y upwards) completed the questionnaire. Data were weighted by population size for each country and by sex, age and regional distribution within each member state. Subjects were divided into five different categories according to their attitudes towards 'changing their eating habits in order to eat healthier': (1) Precontemplation; do not consider any changes, (2) Contemplation; consider changes, (3) Decision; make plans to change, (4) Action; carry out the changes, and (5) Maintenance; maintained changes for more than six months. Results: 52% of the subjects were in the precontemplation stage, whereas 31% of the subjects were in the maintenance stage. Two, one, and seven percent of subjects were in the contemplation, decision and action stage, respectively. In the Mediterranean countries, and in Germany, there were more people (55-64%) in the precontemplation stage, whereas in the Scandinavian countries there were less people in precontemplation stage (20-38%). The opposite was true for the maintenance stage, whereas women and people with a higher education level tended to be more in the maintenance stage. With respect to influences on food choice, subjects in precontemplation stage found that taste was more important, whereas people in maintenance stage found that health was more important. Conclusions: The stages of change model makes a useful distinction between people with different attitudes towards nutrition and health. Nutrition education can benefit from this distinction.
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| 13. |
- Escobar Kvitting, John-Peder, 1976-, et al.
(author)
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How accurate is visual assessment of synchronicity in myocardial motion? An in vitro study with computer-simulated regional delay in myocardial motion : clinical implications for rest and stress echocardiography studies
- 1999
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In: Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography. - 0894-7317 .- 1097-6795. ; 12:9, s. 698-705
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Asynchronicity in echocardiographic images is normally assessed visually. No prior quantitative studies have determined the limitations of this approach. To quantify visual recognition of myocardial asynchronicity in echocardiographic images, computer-simulated delay phantom loops were generated from a 3.3 MHz digital image data from a normal left ventricular short-axis heart cycle acquired at 55 frames per second. Six expert observers visually assessed 30 abnormal and 3 normal loops with differing computer-induced delay patterns on 3 occasions and in this optimally simulated environment could recognize only single delays of 89 ms or more. This was improved to 71 ms or more by use of side-by-side (normal versus abnormal) comparative review. Thus visual assessment of clinically important regional delay in rest or stress echo images is limited.
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| 17. |
- Strotmann, Jörg M., et al.
(author)
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Anatomic M-mode echocardiography : a new approach to assess regional myocardial function - A comparative in vivo and in vitro study of both fundamental and second harmonic imaging modes
- 1999
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In: Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography. - 0894-7317 .- 1097-6795. ; 12:5, s. 300-307
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of anatomic M-mode echocardiography (AMM).Methods: Eight phantoms were rotated on a device at different insonation depths (IDs) in a water beaker. They were insonated with different transducer frequencies in fundamental imaging (FI) and second harmonic imaging (SHI), and the diameters were assessed with conventional M-mode echocardiography (CMM) and AMM with the applied angle correction (AC) after rotation. In addition, left ventricular wall dimensions were measured with CMM and AMM in FI and SHI in 10 volunteers.Results: AC had the greatest effect on the measurement error in AMM followed by ID (AC: R2 = 0.295, ID: R2 = 0.268; P < .0001). SHI improved the accuracy, and a difference no longer existed between CMM and AMM with an AC up to 60 degrees. In vivo the limit of agreement between AMM and CMM was -1.7 to +1.8 mm in SHI.Conclusion: Within its limitations (AC < 60 degrees; ID < 20 cm), AMM could be a robust tool in clinical practice.
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| 18. |
- Wilkenshoff, Ursula M., et al.
(author)
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Regional mean systolic myocardial velocity estimation by real-time color Doppler Myocardial Imaging: A new technique for quantifying regional systolic function
- 1998
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In: Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography. - : Elsevier BV. - 0894-7317 .- 1097-6795. ; 11:7, s. 683-692
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A new color Doppler myocardial imaging (CDMI) system with high spatial and temporal resolution and novel postprocessing modalities has been developed that could allow quantifiable stress echocardiography. The purpose of this study was to determine whether regional myocardial systolic velocities could be accurately and reproducibly measured both at rest and during bicycle ergometry by using CDMI. Thirty normal subjects were examined with CDMI at rest, and peak mean systolic myocardial velocities (MSV) were measured for 34 predetermined left ventricular myocardial segments. Interobserver variability and intraobserver variability were established for all segments. Submaximal bicycle ergometry was performed in 20 normal subjects by using standardized weight-related increases in workload. MSV were measured at each step of exercise for 16 left ventricular stress echo segments. At rest, a base-apex gradient in regional MSV was recorded with highest longitudinal shortening velocities at the base. A similar pattern was noted for circumferential shortening MSV. Measurements were predictable and highly reproducible with low interobserver and intraobserver variability for 26 of 34 segments. Reproducibility was poor for basal anteroseptal segments in all views and mid anterior, anteroseptal, and septal segments in the short-axis views. During exercise, mid and basal segments of all walls showed a significant increase of MSV between each workload step and for apical segments between alternate steps. The resting base-apex velocity gradient observed at rest remained in all walls throughout ergometry. Thus a CDMI system with improved spatial and temporal resolution and postprocessing analysis modalities provided reproducible and accurate quantification of segmental left ventricular circumferential and longitudinal contraction both at rest and during exercise.
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