| 1. |
- Eneroth, Mari, et al.
(author)
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Threats or violence from patients was associated with turnover intention among foreign-born GPs - a comparison of four workplace factors associated with attitudes of wanting to quit one's job as a GP
- 2017
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0281-3432 .- 1502-7724. ; 35:2, s. 208-213
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: General practitioners (GPs) are crucial in medical healthcare, but there is currently a shortage of GPs in Sweden and elsewhere. Recruitment of GPs from abroad is essential, but foreign-born physicians face difficulties at work that may be related to turnover intention, i.e. wanting to quit one's job. The study aims to explore the reasons to why foreign-born GPs may intend to quit their job. Design: Survey data were used to compare four work-related factors that can be associated with turnover intentions; patient-related stress, threats or violence from patients, control of work pace, and empowering leadership, among native-born and foreign-born GPs. These work-related factors were subsequently examined in relation to turnover intention among the foreign-born GPs by means of linear hierarchical regression analyses. The questionnaire consisted of items from the QPS Nordic and items constructed by the authors. Setting: A primary care setting in a central area of Sweden. Subjects: Native-born (n = 208) and foreign-born GPs (n = 73). Results: Turnover intention was more common among foreign-born GPs (19.2% compared with 14.9%), as was the experience of threats or violence from patients (22% compared with 3% of the native-born GPs). Threats or violence was also associated with increased turnover intention. Control of work pace and an empowering leadership was associated with reduced turnover intention.
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| 2. |
- Fridner, Ann, et al.
(author)
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Possible reasons why female physicians publish fewer scientific articles than male physicians : A cross-sectional study
- 2015
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In: BMC Medical Education. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1472-6920. ; 15
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: The proportion of women in medicine is approaching that of men, but female physicians are still in the minority as regards positions of power. Female physicians are struggling to reach the highest positions in academic medicine. One reason for the disparities between the genders in academic medicine is the fact that female physicians, in comparison to their male colleagues, have a lower rate of scientific publishing, which is an important factor affecting promotion in academic medicine. Clinical physicians work in a stressful environment, and the extent to which they can control their work conditions varies. The aim of this paper was to examine potential impeding and supportive work factors affecting the frequency with which clinical physicians publish scientific papers on academic medicine.Methods: Cross-sectional multivariate analysis was performed among 198 female and 305 male Swedish MD/PhD graduates. The main outcome variable was the number of published scientific articles.Results: Male physicians published significantly more articles than female physicians p <. 001. In respective multivariate models for female and male physicians, age and academic positions were significantly related to a higher number of published articles, as was collaborating with a former PhD advisor for both female physicians (OR = 2.97; 95% CI 1.22–7.20) and male physicians (OR = 2.10; 95% CI 1.08–4.10). Control at work was significantly associated with a higher number of published articles for male physicians only (OR = 1.50; 95% CI 1.08–2.09). Exhaustion had a significant negative impact on number of published articles among female physicians (OR = 0.29; 95% CI 0.12–0.70) whilst the publishing rate among male physicians was not affected by exhaustion.Conclusions: Women physicians represent an expanding sector of the physician work force; it is essential that they are represented in future fields of research, and in academic publications. This is necessary from a gender perspective, and to ensure that physicians are among the research staff in biomedical research in the future.
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| 3. |
- Fridner, Ann, et al.
(author)
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Why do General Practitioners Self-Diagnose and Self-Prescribe Drugs?
- 2016
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In: Book of Proceedings. - Nottingham, UK : European Academy of Occupational Health Psychology. - 9780992878627 - 9780992878634 ; , s. 203-203
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: Physicians tend to demonstrate inappropriate behavior when it comes to taking care of their own health. Self-prescribing or self-treatment seems to be practiced in many countries, and self-treated illnesses are found to be more common among general practitioners. For the physician such behavior is a threat to their own health, and as a consequence their patients might not be able to receive optimal health care. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between help seeking behavior, sickness presenteeism, exhaustion, and self- treatment among general practitioners.Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2013 among GPs employed in one City Council in Sweden using a questionnaire on health and work factors. The criterion variable “To self-diagnose and self-treat” was measured with a single item from the Physician Career Path Questionnaire (PCPQ; Fridner, 2004). Exhaustion was measured with a scale from the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory, OLBI (α = .82; Demerouti et al., 2001, 2003). “Sickness presenteeism” and “Taking vacation due to stress” was measured with single items, also from the PCPQ (Fridner, 2004). For the analyses, we used hierarchical multiple regression.Results: Altogether 193 (63,9%) female GPs and 109 (36,1%) male GPs answered the questionnaire, a 44% response-rate. Among them 46,2% stated they had diagnosed and treated themselves for a condition for which they would have referred a patient to a specialist. Our regression analysis model revealed that those physicians who self-treated themselves were also significantly more sickness present at work. Adding to this, exhaustion among the GPs was also included in the model.Conclusions: This study shows that self-treatment is not an isolated behavior, but occurs together with exhaustion and sickness presenteeism, indicating a quite severe situation for their health, which would need to be investigated by other doctors than themselves. This needs to be further investigated and taken into account by the National Board of Health and Welfare, County Councils and Medical Associations, and for future physicians our medical schools.
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| 4. |
- Gustafsson Sendén, Marie, et al.
(author)
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Gender differences in Reasons for Sickness Presenteeism - a study among GPs in a Swedish health care organization
- 2016
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In: Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. - : Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. - 2052-4374. ; 28
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: It is common that physicians go to work while sick and therefore it is important to understand the reasons behind. Previous research has shown that women and men differ in health and health related behavior. In this study, we examine gender differences among general practitioners who work while sick.Methods: General practitioners (GP’s) working in outpatient care in a Swedish city participated in the study (n = 283; women = 63 %; response rate = 41 %). Data were obtained from a large web-based questionnaire about health and organization within primary care. Two questions about sickness presenteeism (going to work while sick) were included; life-long and during the past 12 months, and five questions about reasons. We controlled for general health, work-family conflict and demographic variables.Results: Female physicians reported sickness presenteeism more often than male physicians. Work-family conflict mediated the association between gender and sickness presenteeism.Women reported reasons related with “concern for others” and “workload” more strongly than men. Men reported reasons related with “capacity” and “money” more strongly than women. These differences are likely effects of gender stereotyping and different family-responsibilities.Conclusions: Gender socialization and gender stereotypes may influence work and health-related behavior. Because sickness presenteeism is related with negative effects both on individuals and at organizational levels, it is important that managers of health organizations understand the reasons for this, and how gender roles may influence the prevalence of sickness presenteeism and the reasons that female and male GPs give for their behavior.
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| 5. |
- Bergman, David, et al.
(author)
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Preparing to lead in combat : Development of leadership self-efficacy by static-line parachuting
- 2019
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In: Military Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0899-5605 .- 1532-7876. ; 31:6, s. 481-489
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The current study examined whether a static-line parachute program could help prepare future military officers to lead in extreme situations by increasing leadership self-efficacy. Parachute training is commonly used for preparing to lead in combat since it presents a perceived threat to life which requires active mastery. Achieving such mastery facilitates the development of leader self-control efficacy and leader assertiveness efficacy. This assumption was tested in a real training situation within the Swedish Military Academy where two groups of cadets were included in the study. The group of cadets undertaking parachute training conducted repeated measures of assessment of their self-efficacy before and after the course as well as at a five-month follow-up. The results show that parachute training increased leader self-control efficacy when compared to a group of cadets who undertook different training. In addition, the training given contributed to increased leader assertiveness efficacy for both groups.
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| 6. |
- Bäck, Emma A., et al.
(author)
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Hen. Bakgrund, attityder och användande
- 2018
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- År 2015 infördes det könsneutrala pronomenet hen i Svenska akademins ordlista efter en känslomässig allmän debatt om ordet, dess innebörd och möjliga konsekvenser. Hösten 2015 genomförde vi en större enkätundersökning som besvarades av 1308 personer registrerade i Enkätfabrikens deltagarpanel. Enkäten presenterades som en studie om attityder i aktuella frågor, till exempel attityder till jämställdhet och det svenska språket. Enkäten innehöll frågor om attityder till och användande av det könsneutrala pronomenet hen. Till exempel ställdes frågor om hur ofta och i vilka situationer hen används, och vad deltagaren tycker om ordet. I enkäten fanns också mer generella frågor om jämställdhet och språk.I den här rapporten beskrivs först hur språk och jämställdhet är relaterade till varandra och hur språk antas kunna påverka uppfattningar om kön. Vi beskriver också specifikt hur införandet av hen gick till. Efter det följer resultat från enkäten.Studien är en del av ett större projekt vars huvudsakliga syfte är att studera attityder till och kognitiva effekter av det könsneutrala pronomenet hen. Andra studier i projektet inkluderar experimentella laboratoriestudier med ögonrörelsemätningar, enkät-experiment samt en uppföljande enkät till denna, för att studera förändringar över tid. Projektet är ett samarbete mellan de psykologiska institutionerna vid Stockholms, Lunds och Göteborgs universitet och har sin hemvist vid Stockholms universitet.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Bäck, Emma, et al.
(author)
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From I to We : Group Formation and Linguistic Adaption in an Online Xenophobic Forum
- 2018
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In: The Journal of Social and Political Psychology. - : Leibniz Institute for Psychology (ZPID). - 2195-3325. ; 6:1, s. 76-91
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Much of identity formation processes nowadays takes place online, indicating that intergroup differentiation may be found in online communities. This paper focuses on identity formation processes in an open online xenophobic, anti-immigrant, discussion forum. Open discussion forums provide an excellent opportunity to investigate open interactions that may reveal how identity is formed and how individual users are influenced by other users. Using computational text analysis and Linguistic Inquiry Word Count (LIWC), our results show that new users change from an individual identification to a group identification over time as indicated by a decrease in the use of “I” and increase in the use of “we”. The analyses also show increased use of “they” indicating intergroup differentiation. Moreover, the linguistic style of new users became more similar to that of the overall forum over time. Further, the emotional content decreased over time. The results indicate that new users on a forum create a collective identity with the other users and adapt to them linguistically.
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| 9. |
- Bäck, Emma, et al.
(author)
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Gender stereotypes predicts physicians’ estimates of women patients’ ability to work
- 2017
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In: WORK2017, The 3rd International Interdisciplinary Conference on Research on Work and Working Life. Turku, Finland: 16-18 August.
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Background Pain is one of the most common sources for absences from work, and more than every fifth person suffers from pain at some point during their lifetime. While both women and men suffer, women are more often prescribed sick leave due to pain and stay on leave for longer period. Different causes have been proposed, such as hormonal levels or stereotypes and biases. This study focus on biases related with gender stereotypes. The female stereotype is associated with sensitivity, household work and family orientation. In contrast, the male stereotype is associated with being a breadwinner, strong and insensitive. In regards of pain and sick listing, stereotypes can influence in two ways. Stereotypes can facilitate sick listing of women because they are associated with the home, whereas the male stereotype is associated with work. Further, the male stereotype of being strong and insensitive may function as a barrier to report pain and sickness. Studies have also shown that when men seek help, the health care system handles them more seriously. Objectives The goal of the present research is to determine if and how patient gender stereotypes affect judgments of future work ability in pain patients. Specifically, we investigated whether domestic roles and credibility of the patient differentially impact judgments of female and male patients. Materials/methods An experimental survey was administered to 134 Swedish medical students (females 44%, males 54%, no information 2%). The participants read a description of pain patient, describing the patient’s trajectory. The patient was referred to as a woman or a man in two different versions of the description, with all else identical. Participants then rated the patient’s perceived work ability, credibility, and amount domestic work performed by the patient. Results The responses were analysed by comparisons of means and regression. We found that judgments of physician students were gender biased. Women and men were perceived to have the same work ability, but men were seen as more credible in assessing their own work ability whereas women were expected to do more domestic work. Moreover, level of domestic work moderated affected perceptions of work ability, such that women who work more at home were considered as having higher work ability than women who did less work at home. This means that women who meet gender stereotypical expectations have higher potentials of going back to work, although work at home could have a negative effect in the rehabilitation process. Conclusions Gender stereotypes influence assessments of work ability in patients. The effects may have relevance for the recovery of the patient, and hence are important both on an individual and socio-economic level.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Bäck, Emma, et al.
(author)
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Hen can do it : Effects of using a gender neutral pronoun in a recruitment situation
- 2015
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In: Könskonstruktioner och språkförändringar : Rapport från den åttonde nordiska konferensen om språk och kön. - : Södertörns högskola. - 9789187843235 ; , s. 71-90
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- During recent years there has been a heated debate in many media in Sweden regarding a new gender-neutral pronoun; hen. It has been suggested as an alternative to hon (she) and han (he). The debate has revealed many strong opinions and feelings (Milles, 2011), where the use of hen has been described as confusing and negative for children (Lagerwall, 2012). At the same time, hen is an important step toward gender equality (Lagerwall, 2012; Milles, Salmson, & Tomicic, 2012). The attitudes surrounding henand its possible consequences are many and strong, but to date there is no empirical research about the psychological consequences of the addition of a gender-neutral pronoun in a natural gender language that have gendered pronouns. For instance there is no research on how such an addition could contribute to gender equality in society. The current situation in Sweden is unique. No other country has successfully introduced a third genderneutral pronoun that has actually caught on in media and the population. Hence, the main objective of the present research is to investigate how such a pronoun may affect social cognitive thinking about gender. Specifically we do this by investigating if gender bias in a recruitment situation may be reduced by the usage of hen, instead of using the gendered pronouns hon or han when describing an applicant for a position.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Bäck, Emma, et al.
(author)
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Könsstereotypers inflytande på bedömningar av arbetsförmåga hos smärtpatienter.
- 2017
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In: Forum för arbetslivsforskning conference. Alnarp: 13-15 Juni.
-
Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Den aktuella studien syftar till att klargöra sambandet mellan sjukfrånvaro för smärtproblem och könsstereotyper. Smärta är en av de vanligaste orsakerna till frånvaro från arbetet och mer än 20% av svenska arbetstagare lider av smärta vid något tillfälle under sin livstid. Det är emel- lertid vanligare att kvinnor uppger att de har en smärtproblematik och de är oftare frånvarande från arbetet och under längre perioder jämfört med män. Orsakerna till dessa könsskillnader har dels förklarats med biologiska skillnader, som t ex hormonella skillnader, men könsstereo- typer antas också ha betydelse. Tidigare forskning har visat att stereotypen för kvinnlighet är förknippad med känslighet, hemmet och ansvar för familj. Den manliga stereotypen å andra sidan är förknippad med att vara familjeförsörjare som är stark och okänslig. I relation till smärta och sjukskrivningar kan dessa stereotyper påverka på två sätt. Stereotyperna kan leda till att det är enklare att sjukskriva en kvinna eftersom hon antas ha ett större ansvar och fler uppgifter att utföra i hemmet, medan mannen antas behöva arbetet i större utsträckning för att försörja familjen. Den manliga stereotypen att vara stark och okänslig gör det också svårare för män att erkänna smärta vilket kan göra att de söker hjälp i mindre utsträckning. Vidare visar tidigare studier emellertid att manliga patienter bemöts mer seriöst än kvinnliga. Målet med den aktuella studien var att undersöka om kvinnliga och manliga patienter med smärtproblem bedöms olika vad gäller arbetsförmåga, trovärdighet och vilken roll hushållsarbete spelar för bedömningar av arbetsförmåga. För att kunna kontrollera för stereotypers inflytande på beslut genomfördes en vinjettstudie. Deltagarna läste en beskrivning av en smärtpatient där patientens medicinska historia togs upp. I två olika versioner av beskrivningen förmedlades patientens kön genom ett traditionellt kvinnligt eller manligt förnamn (Karin/Mats). Förutom skillnaden i namn var all annan information den samma, och texten utformades noggrant för att undvika andra referenser till genus. Efter beskrivningen fick deltagarna svara på frågor om patientens framtida arbetsförmåga, trovärdighet och hur mycket hushållsarbete de trodde att patienten utförde. Undersökningen genomfördes bland 134 läkarstudenter (kvinnor 44%; män = 54%, ingen information = 2%) vid universitetssjukhuset i Lund. Svaren analyserades med medelvär- desjämförelser och regression där arbetsförmåga var den beroende variabeln. Resultaten visade att läkarstudenternas bedömningar påverkades av patientens kön. Kvinnor och män bedömdes ha samma arbetsförmåga, men män ansågs mer trovärdiga i bedömningar av sin egen förmåga, medan kvinnor förväntades göra mer i hemmet. Dessutom visade det sig att kvinnors hemar- bete bidrog till bedömningen av arbetsförmågan, på så sätt att kvinnor som gjorde mer hemma, bedömdes ha högre arbetsförmåga än kvinnor som antogs göra mindre hemma. Detta betyder att kvinnor som uppfyller den kvinnliga stereotypen bedöms ha ett mer positivt utfall, trots att det ökade hushållsarbetet rent fysiskt borde ha en negativ effekt på smärtpatienters reha- bilitering. Eftersom fallbeskrivningarna var identiska betyder det att könsstereotyper påverkar bedömningar av smärtpatienter på ett sätt som både är riskabelt för den enskilda individen men som också riskerar att förstärka könsstereotyper.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Gustafsson Sendén, Marie, et al.
(author)
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Gender bias in assessment of future work ability among pain patients - an experimental vignette study of medical students' assessment
- 2019
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Pain. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 1877-8860 .- 1877-8879. ; 19:2, s. 407-414
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background and aims: Pain is a prevalent problem in many countries. Women are more often on sick-leave for pain than men. Such gender differences have been explained through biological factors, different demands for on the job market, and home conditions. Fewer studies have focused on how gender stereotypes may bias the medical assessment of pain patients. The aim of the present research was to investigate if a gender bias in medical students' evaluations of chronic pain patients can contribute to explaining the gender differences in sick-leave due to pain. Specifically, we investigated whether medical students' estimates of a patient's accuracy of their own work ability and amount of domestic work differed between female and male patients, and how such estimates influenced the medical students' judgments of the patient's work ability. Methods: Medical students (n = 137; 60 women; 74 men; three unspecified) read a vignette describing a patient with pain and filled out a questionnaire. The vignette was identical and gender neutral, except for the name of the patient signaling gender. A between-subjects experimental design was used in which participants were randomly assigned to an experimental condition. Participants then judged the patient's work ability, the accuracy of the patient's self-assessed work ability, and the amount of domestic work they believed was performed by the patient. All ratings were made on seven-point items. Results: The results showed that there was no main effect of gender on perceived future work ability of the patient, F (1,131) = 0.867, p = 0.353. However, male patients were considered to be more accurate in their self-assessed work ability than female patients F (1,131) = 5.925 p = 0.016 (M-female = 4.87, SDfemale = 1.22, and M-male = 5.33, SDmale = 1.02). Moreover, female patients were thought to perform more domestic work, F (1,131) = 25.56, p < 0.001 (M-female = 4.14, SDfemale = 1.41, and M-male = 3.07, SDmale = 1.16). Finally, perceived amount of domestic work moderated the effects of perceived future work ability for female but not for male patients, B = 0.42, p = 0.005. Hence, there was a positive effect of amount of domestic work performed on work ability judgments for women, such that the more domestic work they were assumed to perform, the more they were perceived to be able to work. Conclusions: Gender stereotypes influenced assessments of future work ability in pain patients, mainly because women were assumed to perform more domestic work which had a positive effect on perceived work ability. Because domestic work should have a negative effect on recovery, expectations from the physician that domestic work is expected by female patients may in fact have the opposite effect prolonging sick-leave. Moreover, the students trusted the male patients' ability to assess their own work capacity more than women's.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Gustafsson Sendén, Marie, et al.
(author)
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Introducing a gender-neutral pronoun in a natural gender language: the influence of time on attitudes and behavior
- 2015
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In: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 6
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The implementation of gender fair language is often associated with negative reactions and hostile attacks on people who propose a change. This was also the case in Sweden in 2012 when a third gender-neutral pronoun hen was proposed as an addition to the already existing Swedish pronouns for she (hon) and he (han). The pronoun hen can be used both generically, when gender is unknown or irrelevant, and as a transgender pronoun for people who categorize themselves outside the gender dichotomy. In this article we review the process from 2012 to 2015. No other language has so far added a third gender-neutral pronoun, existing parallel with two gendered pronouns, that actually have reached the broader population of language users. This makes the situation in Sweden unique. We present data on attitudes toward hen during the past 4 years and analyze how time is associated with the attitudes in the process of introducing hen to the Swedish language. In 2012 the majority of the Swedish population was negative to the word, but already in 2014 there was a significant shift to more positive attitudes. Time was one of the strongest predictors for attitudes also when other relevant factors were controlled for. The actual use of the word also increased, although to a lesser extent than the attitudes shifted. We conclude that new words challenging the binary gender system evoke hostile and negative reactions, but also that attitudes can normalize rather quickly. We see this finding very positive and hope it could motivate language amendments and initiatives for gender-fair language, although the first responses may be negative.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Gustafsson Sendén, Marie, et al.
(author)
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Of Caring Nurses and Assertive Police Officers : Social Role Information Overrides Gender Stereotypes in Linguistic Behavior
- 2017
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Following the social role theory (SRT: Eagly & Steffen, 1984), gender-stereotypic beliefs stem from the observation of women and men in different social roles that require different types of traits. In four experiments (485 participants altogether) we addressed the question of whether language production reflects and reproduces gender stereotypes. Participants created person descriptions in which they could refer to gender (e.g., women/men, he/she) and/or occupational roles (e.g., nurses/police officers) with either communal or agentic traits (e.g., caring or assertive). In Experiment 1, participants more often combined female pronouns to female-typical occupational roles, and male pronouns to male-typical occupational roles. In Experiment 2 and 3, persons in female-typical occupations were more likely ascribed with communal traits, whereas persons in male-typical occupations were more likely ascribed with agentic traits. In both experiments, occupational roles had a stronger influence on trait ascriptions than sex definitional nouns/pronouns. Experiment 4 provided the critical test of social role theory revealing that trait ascriptions did not differ when women and men where described in the same occupational role.
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| 21. |
- Gustafsson Sendén, Marie, et al.
(author)
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She and He in News Media Messages : Pronoun Use Reflects Gender Biases in Semantic Contexts
- 2015
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In: Sex Roles. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0360-0025 .- 1573-2762. ; 72:1-2, s. 40-49
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Previous research has shown a male bias in the media. This study tests this statement by examining how the pronouns She and He are used in a news media context. More specifically, the study tests whether He occurs more often and in more positive semantic contexts than She, as well as whether She is associated with more stereotypically and essential labels than He is. Latent semantic analysis (LSA) was applied to 400 000 Reuters' news messages, written in English, published in 1996-1997. LSA is a completely data-driven method, extracting statistics of words from how they are used throughout a corpus. As such, no human coders are involved in the assessment of how pronouns occur in their contexts. The results showed that He pronouns were about 9 times more frequent than She pronouns. In addition, the semantic contexts of He were more positive than the contexts of She. Moreover, words associated with She-contexts included more words denoting gender, and were more homogeneous than the words associated with He-contexts. Altogether, these results indicate that men are represented as the norm in these media. Since these news messages are distributed on a daily basis all over the world, in printed newspapers, and on the internet, it seems likely that this presentation maintains, and reinforces prevalent gender stereotypes, hence contributing to gender inequities.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Gustafsson Sendén, Marie, et al.
(author)
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The (Not So) Changing Man: Dynamic Gender Stereotypes in Sweden
- 2019
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In: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 10
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- According to Social Role Theory, gender stereotypes are dynamic constructs influenced by actual and perceived changes in what roles women and men occupy (Wood and Eagly, 2011). Sweden is ranked as one of the most egalitarian countries in the world, with a strong national equality discourse and a relatively high number of men engaging in traditionally communal roles such as parenting and domestic tasks. This would imply a perceived change toward higher communion among men. Therefore, we investigated the dynamics of gender stereotype content in Sweden with a primary interest in the male stereotype and perceptions of gender equality. In Study 1, participants (N = 323) estimated descriptive stereotype content of women and men in Sweden in the past, present, or future. They also estimated gender distribution in occupations and domestic roles for each time-point. Results showed that the female stereotype increased in agentic traits from the past to the present, whereas the male stereotype showed no change in either agentic or communal traits. Furthermore, participants estimated no change in gender stereotypes for the future, and they overestimated how often women and men occupy gender non-traditional roles at present. In Study 2, we controlled for participants' actual knowledge about role change by either describing women's increased responsibilities on the job market, or men's increased responsibility at home (or provided no description). Participants (N = 648) were randomized to the three different conditions. Overall, women were perceived to increase in agentic traits, and this change was mediated by perceptions of social role occupation. Men where not perceived to increase in communion but decreased in agency when change focused on women's increased participation in the labor market. These results indicate that role change among women also influence perceptions of the male stereotype. Altogether, the results indicate that social roles might have stronger influence on perceptions of agency than perceptions of communion, and that communion could be harder to incorporate in the male stereotype.
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| 24. |
- Klysing, Amanda, et al.
(author)
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Perception of gender equality statements : Explicit mention of non-binary gender identities as a strategy for creating a more inclusive organization image
- 2019
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In: Abstract Book of the 19th European Association of Work and Organizational Psychology Congress. ; , s. 1802-1802
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Purpose: Many organizations include gender equality policy statements in their information material. Our aim was to explore if different types of equality statements influence organization appeal and estimates of organization diversity.Design: We tested three types of equality statements in a between-groups design (N = 424): (1) gender-balance (equality between women and men), (2) gender-blind (equality regardless of gender), (3) inclusive-gender (equality between women, men and individuals with a non-binary or other gender identity). Dependent variables were organization appeal, estimated organization equity and estimated diversity within the organization.Results: For organization appeal and organization equity, no differences were found between conditions. General diversity within the organization was rated as significantly higher in the inclusive-gender condition compared to the gender-balance condition. No other between-group comparison was significant.Limitations: Potential positive effects of an inclusive gender equality statement for individuals with a non-binary gender identity could not be assessed due to lack of participants.Implications: Gender equality statements which explicitly include individuals of all gender identities (i.e., does not treat gender as a binary variable) seem to be received similarly to the other types of equality statements tested, with the exception of higher estimated diversity compared to a genderbalance statement. Results support the use of inclusive gender equality statements since they are inclusive of a larger number of individuals and do not differ from a gender-blind statement.Originality: This is the first study investigating the impact of different types of gender equality statements which include gender identities other than women and men.
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