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- Nyberg, J, et al.
(author)
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Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide is expressed in adult hippocampus and induces progenitor cell proliferation
- 2005
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In: The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. - : Society for Neuroscience. - 1529-2401. ; 25:7, s. 1816-1825
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) is an area of active proliferation and neurogenesis within the adult brain. The molecular events controlling adult cell genesis in the hippocampus essentially remain unknown. It has been reported previously that adult male and female rats from the strains Sprague Dawley (SD) and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) have a marked difference in proliferation rates of cells in the hippocampal DG. To exploit this natural variability and identify potential regulators of cell genesis in the hippocampus, hippocampal gene expression from male SHR as well as male and female SD rats was analyzed using a cDNA array strategy. Hippocampal expression of the gene-encoding glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) varied strongly in parallel with cell-proliferation rates in the adult rat DG. Moreover, robust GIP immunoreactivity could be detected in the DG. The GIP receptor is expressed by cultured adult hippocampal progenitors and throughout the granule cell layer of the DG, including progenitor cells. Thus, these cells have the ability to respond to GIP. Indeed, exogenously delivered GIP induced proliferation of adult-derived hippocampal progenitorsin vivoas well asin vitro, and adult GIP receptor knock-out mice exhibit a significantly lower number of newborn cells in the hippocampal DG compared with wild-type mice. This investigation demonstrates the presence of GIP in the brain for the first time and provides evidence for a regulatory function for GIP in progenitor cell proliferation.
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- Hietala, H., et al.
(author)
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Supermagnetosonic Jets behind a Collisionless Quasiparallel Shock
- 2009
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In: Physical Review Letters. - 0031-9007 .- 1079-7114. ; 103:24, s. 245001-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The downstream region of a collisionless quasiparallel shock is structured containing bulk flows with high kinetic energy density from a previously unidentified source. We present Cluster multispacecraft measurements of this type of supermagnetosonic jet as well as of a weak secondary shock front within the sheath, that allow us to propose the following generation mechanism for the jets: The local curvature variations inherent to quasiparallel shocks can create fast, deflected jets accompanied by density variations in the downstream region. If the speed of the jet is super(magneto)sonic in the reference frame of the obstacle, a second shock front forms in the sheath closer to the obstacle. Our results can be applied to collisionless quasiparallel shocks in many plasma environments.
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- Hietala, Riikka, et al.
(author)
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A note on the deep-water inflow to the Bothnian Sea
- 2007
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In: Journal of marine systems. - : Elsevier BV. - 0924-7963. ; 68:1-2, s. 255-264
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The deepest connection between the Bothnian Sea and the Baltic Proper is the narrow Understen-Märket trench with a threshold depth of around 90 m. The deep-water flow through this passage, which is of great importance for the hydrographic state of the entire Gulf of Bothnia, was surveyed by the R/V Aranda in October 2004. On the basis of these field results as well as climatological data, it has been concluded that the deep-water flow can be described using a hydraulic framework applied to a channel of parabolic cross-section. The Understen-Märket trench is sufficiently narrow to, in principle, permits neglect of the Coriolis force. Since it may prove useful for other systems, the study, however, also includes the analysis and evaluation of a scheme to determine rotational first-order corrections to controlled transports predicted using standard non-rotating hydraulic theory.
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- Hirvonen, J, et al.
(author)
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Measurement of striatal and extrastriatal dopamine transporter binding with high-resolution PET and [11C]PE2I: quantitative modeling and test-retest reproducibility
- 2008
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In: Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. - : SAGE Publications. - 0271-678X. ; 28:5, s. 1059-1069
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- [11C]PE2I is a novel positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer for the dopamine transporter (DAT). The reproducibility and reliability of [11C]PE2I measurements, especially in the small DAT-rich brain regions, is unknown and of critical importance to the interpretation of the data. Five healthy volunteers were scanned twice during the same day using [11C]PE2I and the HRRT PET scanner. Methods based on metabolite-corrected arterial plasma curve and reference region were used to estimate distribution volumes ( VT) and binding potential ( BP). Within-subject and between-subject variabilities were compared. [11C]PE2I accumulated in the DAT-rich striatum and the midbrain. Equilibrium of specific binding appeared late in the striatum, whereas it was reached earlier in the midbrain. Plasma metabolite analysis showed that the potentially brain-penetrant 4-hydroxymethyl metabolite represented 15% to 20% of total plasma radioactivity. VT and BP measurements were associated with low within-subject variability. Measurement of DAT binding in small brain regions, including the substantia nigra, is reproducible and reliable using [11C]PE2I and high-resolution research tomograph. A scanning time of more than 70 mins is required for the striatum, while less is sufficient for DAT quantification in the midbrain. The previously suggested involvement of the potentially brain-penetrant radioactive metabolite in the quantification should be further studied.
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- Rahpeymai, Yalda, 1977, et al.
(author)
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Complement: a novel factor in basal and ischemia-induced neurogenesis.
- 2006
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In: The EMBO journal. - : Wiley. - 0261-4189 .- 1460-2075. ; 25:6, s. 1364-74
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Through its involvement in inflammation, opsonization, and cytolysis, the complement protects against infectious agents. Although most of the complement proteins are synthesized in the central nervous system (CNS), the role of the complement system in the normal or ischemic CNS remains unclear. Here we demonstrate for the first time that neural progenitor cells and immature neurons express receptors for complement fragments C3a and C5a (C3a receptor (C3aR) and C5a receptor). Mice that are deficient in complement factor C3 (C3(-/-)) lack C3a and are unable to generate C5a through proteolytic cleavage of C5 by C5-convertase. Intriguingly, basal neurogenesis is decreased both in C3(-/-) mice and in mice lacking C3aR or mice treated with a C3aR antagonist. The C3(-/-) mice had impaired ischemia-induced neurogenesis both in the subventricular zone, the main source of neural progenitor cells in adult brain, and in the ischemic region, despite normal proliferative response and larger infarct volumes. Thus, in the adult mammalian CNS, complement activation products promote both basal and ischemia-induced neurogenesis.
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