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- Normark, Johan
(author)
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Gruta de Alux
- 2008
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In: Final Report of Cochuah Regional Archaeological Survey's 2008 Field Season. - : College of the Redwoods, Eureka (CA). ; , s. 44-47
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Normark, Johan, 1969
(author)
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Lethal encounters : warfare and virtual ideologies in the Maya area
- 2007
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In: Encounters, materialities, confrontations : archaeologies of social space and interaction. Eds. Per Cornell and Fredrik Fahlander. - Newcastle : Cambridge Scholars Press. - 184718085X ; , s. 165-197
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Normark, Johan, 1969
(author)
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Mayas historia
- 2006
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In: Spelet om Maya : historiska nyheter fördjupar diskussionen i en utställning om arkeologiska berättelser. Red. Tove Frambäck. - Stockholm : Statens historiska museum. - 9189176332 ; , s. 9-11
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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| 11. |
- Normark, Johan
(author)
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Rancho Benito Juarez
- 2008
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In: Final Report of Cochuah Regional Archaeological Survey's 2008 Field Season. - : College of the Redwoods, Eureka (CA). ; , s. 197-199
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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| 12. |
- Normark, Johan
(author)
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San Manuel
- 2008
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In: Final Report of Cochuah Regional Archaeological Survey's 2008 Field Season. - : College of the Redwoods, Eureka (CA). ; , s. 81-82
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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| 13. |
- Normark, Johan
(author)
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Surface antigens and virulence in Plasmodium falciparum malaria
- 2008
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Plasmodium falciparum is an intracellular protozoan that may cause severe forms of malaria. It is a major world health hazard and reaps the highest toll among the children and pregnant mothers of the developing world. An Anopheles mosquito vector injects the pathogen when taking a blood meal. After multiplication in cells of the liver, the parasite escapes and infects red blood cells in a cyclic manner and this is when the clinical manifestations of malaria as a disease become apparent. The parasite causes the infected red blood cells to adhere to each other (rosetting) and to the blood vessel walls (cytoadherence) by exporting highly variable and adhesive PfEMP1 proteins to the erythrocyte surface. Different immunological and genetic properties of the host as well as parasite specific clonal phenotypes determine the outcome of the encounter. We have investigated the parasite side of these events by performing a clinical case-control study where we sampled a score of isolates from patients with severe or mild malaria. These investigations took part in two endemic areas in Uganda; Apac a small rural community in the northern part of the country and Kampala, the capital. The work was partitioned into four different headings where we aimed to explore different aspects of what separates the parasites we found in severe disease patients from the uncomplicated group. Primarily we sought to characterize the sequences of the var genes encoding PfEMP1 expressed in the different patient groups. Through implementing a semi-quantitative PCR amplifying cDNA, massive scale sequencing and a bioinformatics pipeline we we could identify degenerated amino-acid motifs that were either statistically overrepresented in PfEMP1 sequence tags sampled from patients with severe- or mild malaria. These were put in a structural-functional context through 3D modeling and potential sites for receptor interaction were identified. The expression of the var genes in the fresh isolates was further explored in a temporal context to understand the timing of var gene transcription in the patient. We compared semi-and absolutely quantified var genes in a subset of the Ugandan isolates. We chose an approach where we constructed a quantitaive-PCR assay that enumerated the amounts of individual var genes in a heterogeneous solution. The transcription patterns were individual to each isolate and we found that dominance of genes could flux between developmental stages. In a separate study, two of the isolates were chosen to be included in a larger genomics survey of the entire genome by use of a 70-mer oligonucleotide micro-array platform. Size fractionated gDNA from a panel of parasites were hybridized under stringent conditions and cross referenced against the 3D7AH1 genome parasite. The assay could identify a number of gene copy number polymorphisms that were associated to proliferative properties of the parasites, drug resistance or putative invasion related genes. The microarray results were confirmed by PCR and fluorescent in situ DNA hybridization. Finally we studied the growth of fresh in vitro adapted field isolates of children from severe- or mild malaria and found a correlation between the level of rosetting and their multiplication rates. By disrupting rosetting with either anti-immunoglobulin antibodies, heparan sulfate or antibodies to PfEMP1 we could also block the growth of the parasite facilitated by PfEMP1 rosetting. Taken together, these findings argue that P. falciparum specific pheno- and genotypes exist that may predispose for the development of severe malaria. In conclusion, we have found specific molecular evidence for inter-parasite differences in P. falciparum that in the future may be exploited in intervention strategies.
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| 14. |
- Normark, Johan, 1969-
(author)
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The making of a home : Assembling houses at Nohcacab, Mexico
- 2009
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In: World archaeology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0043-8243 .- 1470-1375. ; 41:3, s. 430-444
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- DeLanda's assemblage theory makes it possible to study assemblages like houses, households, organizations and lineages from a flat ontology where materialities and immaterialities are analyzed with the same basic tools. Houses are assemblages consisting of heterogeneous parts that form a functional and expressive whole that is different from its parts. Humans are parts of house assemblages and generate other assemblages extending beyond the physical territory of the buildings themselves. The buildings in the major household assemblage at the small, but densely settled, site of Nohcacab in Quintana Roo, Mexico, are used to show the workings of the multi-scalar assemblage approach. This household consists of smaller parts (artifacts, construction materials and different buildings) and it was part of greater assemblages (community, a nearby causeway system and trade networks).
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| 15. |
- Normark, Johan, 1969
(author)
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The roads in-between : causeways and polyagentive networks at Ichmul and Yo'okop, Cochuah Region, Mexico
- 2006
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This dissertation has two aims: (1) To characterize and abandon the humanocentric archaeology that relies upon quasi-objects and to develop the polyagentive archaeology that relies upon actualizations of the virtual. (2) To exemplify the latter approach by studying how causeways (sakbeob) in the Maya area relate to temporality and materialtiy at, and around, the two neighbouring sites of Ichmul and Yo'okop in the Cochuah region of southeast Yucatan and west-central Quintana Roo in Mexico. It is suggested that transcendental, hierarchical and static quasi-objects commonly used in archaeology (for example culture and practice) are not suitable ways to begin our approach to the archaeological data. Polyagentive archaeology works from an ontology based in temporal movement rather than one with the basis in substance (classical materialism) or social constructions (idealism). The basis of this dissertation is to be found in Bergson's ideas of an unbreakable duration, a virtual multiplicity which our mind breaks down to static fragments (actual multiplicities) from which we reconstruct the world through representations and social constructions. Polyagency is a term for what generates becomings, differentiations and repetition. It lies in-between the virtual and the actual. This intensive process produces individuations that are called polyagents (actualizations). Quasi-objects are our way of trying to find patterns among these actualizations. This is an actual ideology which consists of both arbolic thought and nomadic thought. However, the unity comes from within the virtual and not from transcendent structures. As a contrast, the virtual ideology is directly connected to matter and the immanent. Deleuze's reworking of Bergson decentralizes the importance of the human being. It heads toward a posthuman condition and a neo-materialst and neo-realist ontology where the archaeological object is separated from its past human agent. However, the virtuality and polyagency of the object has continued unbroken from the past to the present. Materialities are part of a polyagnetive phylum of increasing differentiation of artefacts. The object is also seen as an index and a prototype of other materialities where the human being is reduced to being a catalyst in polyagentive networks. This reflects a relationship between polyagents in nested rhizomatic networks. Ichmul and Yo'okop have been investigated through surveys, mapping, test pit excavations and ceramic dating. Yo'okop has four documented causeways and Ichmul has five causeways. The causeways of the two sites seem to have been contemporaneous, constructed during the Terminal Classical period (A.D. 800-1100). Particular focus is set on five polyagentive assemblages; the triadic causeways and the aligned causeways of Ichmul; and the beads-on-a-string causeways, the non-aligned causeway and the unfinished causeway of Yo'okop. A local approach is used and it is shown that the material nodes around Ichmul evolved very differently compared to the ones at Yo'okop. Rather than seeing the causeways as cultural reflections of either centralization, social organization, cosmological maps or ceremonial avenues as humanocentric archaeology has done (and thus limiting their studies to the past), the polyagentive analyzes see them as de-cultured actualized polyagents that have initiated, and still initiate, tendencies in their vicinity.
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| 16. |
- Normark, Johan
(author)
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The triadic causeways of Ichmul : Virtual highways becoming actual roads
- 2008
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In: Cambridge Archaeological Journal. - 0959-7743. ; 18:2, s. 215-237
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Cosmological models are common in Mayanist settlement studies. In such models, causeways are often said to follow various cosmological principles that are more or less the same from the Middle Formative to the present time. The models have been created by merging disparate data from ethnography, ethnohistory, iconography, epigraphy and archaeology into a single form where all the parts are determined by a common principle. The Terminal Classic triadic causeways at Ichmul, Yucatan, Mexico, could potentially be interpreted with such cosmological models. The evidence, however, does not fit these models. It is proposed, instead, with reference to the philosophers Henri Bergson, Gilles Deleuze and Manuel DeLanda, that settlement studies should focus only on what is present at the site without reliance on transcendent concepts such as culture or cosmology. The triadic causeways at Ichmul are seen as virtual processes that have the potential to become actual forms at every present moment.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Ribacke, Ulf, et al.
(author)
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Genome wide gene amplifications and deletions in Plasmodium falciparum
- 2007
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In: Molecular and biochemical parasitology (Print). - : Elsevier BV. - 0166-6851 .- 1872-9428. ; 155:1, s. 33-44
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The extent to which duplications and deletions occur in the Plasmodium falciparum genome, outside of the subtelomeres, and their contribution to the virulence of the malaria parasite is not known. Here we show the presence of multiple genome wide copy number polymorphisms (CNPs) covering 82 genes, the most extensive spanning a cumulative size of 110 kilobases. CNPs were identified in both laboratory strains and fresh clinical isolates using a 70-mer oligonucleotide microarray in conjunction with fluorescent in situ hybridizations and real-time quantitative PCR. The CNPs were found on all chromosomes except on chromosomes 6 and 8 and involved a total of 50 genes with increased copy numbers and 32 genes with decreased copy numbers relative to the 3D7 parasite. The genes, amplified in up to six copies, encode molecules involved in cell cycle regulation. cell division, drug resistance, erythrocyte invasion, sexual differentiation and unknown functions. These together with previous findings, suggest that the malaria parasite employs gene duplications and deletions as general strategies to enhance its survival and spread. Further analysis of the impact of discovered genetic differences and the underlying mechanisms is likely to generate a better understanding of the biology and the virulence of the malaria parasite.
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| 19. |
- Shaw, Justine M., et al.
(author)
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Candelaria
- 2008
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In: Final Report of Cochuah Regional Archaeological Survey's 2008 Field Season. - : College of the Redwoods, Eureka (CA). ; , s. 192-196
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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| 20. |
- Vogt, Anna M., et al.
(author)
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Release of sequestered malaria parasites upon injection of a glycosaminoglycan
- 2006
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In: PLoS Pathogens. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1553-7366 .- 1553-7374. ; 2:9, s. 853-863
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Severe human malaria is attributable to an excessive sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum-infected and uninfected erythrocytes in vital organs. Strains of P. falciparum that form rosettes and employ heparan sulfate as a host receptor are associated with development of severe forms of malaria. Heparin, which is similar to heparan sulfate in that it is composed of the same building blocks, was previously used in the treatment of severe malaria, but it was discontinued due to the occurrence of serious side effects such as intracranial bleedings. Here we report to have depolymerized heparin by periodate treatment to generate novel glycans (dGAG) that lack anticoagulant-activity. The dGAGs disrupt rosettes, inhibit merozoite invasion of erythrocytes and endothelial binding of P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes in vitro, and reduce sequestration in in vivo models of severe malaria. An intravenous injection of dGAGs blocks up to 80% of infected erythrocytes from binding in the micro-vasculature of the rat and releases already sequestered parasites into circulation. P. falciparum-infected human erythrocytes that sequester in the non-human primate Macaca fascicularis were similarly found to be released in to the circulation upon a single injection of 500 mu g of dGAG. We suggest dGAGs to be promising candidates for adjunct therapy in severe malaria.
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