| 1. |
- Gao, Y. L., et al.
(author)
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Crystal structure and electrochemical behavior of copper complex with 6-hydroxymethyl-substituted tris(2-pyridylmethyl) amine, CuCl(C19H20N4O) ClO4
- 2004
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In: Chinese journal of structural chemistry. - 0254-5861. ; 23:11, s. 1262-1265
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A Cu(II) complex [CuCl(C19H20N40)]ClO4 1 containing hydroxymethyl substituted TPA (TPA = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine) was prepared. It crystallizes in monoclinic, space group P2(1)/c with a = 11.7628(2), b = 13.0083(3), c = 15.11280(10) Angstrom, beta = 108.724(2)degrees, V = 2190.09(7) Angstrom(3), M-r = 518.83, Z = 4, T = 293 (2) K, D-c = 1.574 g/cm(3), mu = 1.280 mm(-1), F(000) = 1060 and S = 1.085. The final R = 0.0543 and wR = 0.1433 for 2693 observed reflections with I >2sigma(I). The penta-coordinated copper (H) complex. assumes an approximate square pyramidal geometry. Cyclic voltammetry measurement of the complex showed a quasi-reversible Cu-II/Cu-I redox couple with E-1/2 -0.467 v and DeltaE = 68 mv.
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| 2. |
- Shi, F., et al.
(author)
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Synthesis and spectral properties of a new ruthenium(II) tris-bipyridine with four ester groups and substituted phenol
- 2004
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In: Huaxue xuebao. - 0567-7351. ; 62:7, s. 713-719
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A new ruthenium(II) complex (1) with four ester groups have been designed and synthesized, in which a phenol substituted by {[(2-hydroxy-3-(morpholin-4-ylmethyl)-5-tent-butylbenzyl) (pyridyl-2-methyl) amino]methyl} groups was covalently linked to ruthenium (II) tris-bipyridine. The structure of complex 1 was characterized by electrospray ionization mass spectrometer (ESI-MS) and 1D-NMR, 2D-NMR (gCOSY, HSQC and HMBC) spectra. The electrochemical and spectral properties were also studied. Introduction of the four carboxyl acid groups and the donor ligand tuned the spectra and the redox properties of compound 1. The MLCT transition was turned from 451 to 474 nm and the complex had long lifetime of the (MLCT)-M-3 state emission. Moreover, the oxidation potential of Ru3+/Ru2 + of compound 1 was similar to 360 mV higher than that of [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+) which would enhance the driving-force of electron transfer. These results showed that the compound 1 had proper redox potentials and was suitable for being used as photosensitizer of solar cell.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Sun, S. G., et al.
(author)
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Studies on a series of rhenium(I) bipyridyl photosensitive dyes
- 2004
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In: Youji huaxue. - 0253-2786. ; 24:8, s. 953-956
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A series of rhemium(I) 2,2'-bipyridyl complexes [fac-(4,4'-di-COOEt-bpy)Re(CO)(3)(Xpy)PF6] (bpy = 2, 2'-bipyridine; py = pyridine; X = 3-methyl, 3-hydroxy, 3-amino, H) were synthesized. Their electrochemical properties, ground state electronic spectra and emission spectra were studied in acetonitrile. As the X group became more electron donating from H to 3-methyl, 3-hydroxy or 3-amino, the Re(II/I) oxidation potentials declined, the MLCT absorption maximum of the complex was changed little, the emission maximum blue-shifted, and the emission intensity and the fluorescence lifetime were decreased.
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| 5. |
- Sun, S. G., et al.
(author)
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Synthesis of rhenium(I) bipyridyl and ruthenium(II) tris-bipyridyl photosensitive dyes used for solar cells
- 2004
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In: Gaodeng xuéxiào huàxué xuébào. - 0251-0790. ; 25:1, s. 67-70
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- There has been a growing effort to convert solar energy into electricity in recent years. In order to get a stable solar cell system and acquire a high incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency(IPCE), two novel rhenium(I) bipyridyl and ruthenium(II) tris-bipyridyl photosensitive dyes were synthesized, the ethoxycarbonyl group in the dyes could be employed for covalently linking to the surface of the nanostructured TiO2. Their structures, photophysical and electrochemical properties were studied. The UV-Vis absorption maxima were 382 and 476 nm; emission maxima were 622 and 672 nm, respectively. The Re(I/II) oxidation potential is significantly positive than that of Ru(II/III) which provides a larger driving force for electron transfer. The results show that they both have proper redox potentials, enough stability and are suitable for being used as photosensitizers of solar cells.
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| 6. |
- Sun, S. G., et al.
(author)
-
Synthesis of two novel rhenium(I) bipyridyl photosensitive dyes
- 2004
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In: Chinese Chemical Letters. - 1001-8417 .- 1878-5964. ; 15:8, s. 965-968
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Two novel rhenium(I) 2, 2'-bipyridyl complexes, [(4,4'-di-COOEt-bipy) Re(CO)3 (NCCH3)PF6] and [(4,4'-di-COOEt-bipy) Re (CO)(3) (NCS)], a model complex [(4,4'-di-COOEt-bipy) Re (CO)(3) (pyridine)PF6], were synthesized. Their ground state electronic spectra and emission spectra were measured in acetonitrile. The MLCT absorption maximum of the complex exhibited a considerable red shift as the ligand changed from pyridine to CNCH3, or SCN.
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| 7. |
- Andrés, E., et al.
(author)
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Observation of high-energy neutrinos using Čerenkov detectors embedded deep in Antarctic ice
- 2001
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In: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 410:6827, s. 441-443
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Neutrinos are elementary particles that carry no electric charge and have little mass. As they interact only weakly with other particles, they can penetrate enormous amounts of matter, and therefore have the potential to directly convey astrophysical information from the edge of the Universe and from deep inside the most cataclysmic high-energy regions. The neutrino's great penetrating power, however, also makes this particle difficult to detect. Underground detectors have observed low-energy neutrinos from the Sun and a nearby supernova2, as well as neutrinos generated in the Earth's atmosphere. But the very low fluxes of high-energy neutrinos from cosmic sources can be observed only by much larger, expandable detectors in, for example, deep water3,4 or ice5. Here we report the detection of upwardly propagating atmospheric neutrinos by the ice-based Antarctic muon and neutrino detector array (AMANDA). These results establish a technology with which to build a kilometre-scale neutrino observatory necessary for astrophysical observations1.
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| 8. |
- Andrés, E., et al.
(author)
-
Recent results from AMANDA
- 2001
-
In: International Journal of Modern Physics A. - 0217-751X .- 1793-656X. ; 16:1C, s. 1013-1015
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We present results based on data taken in 1997 with the 302-PMT Antarctic Muon and Neutrino Detector Array-B10 ("AMANDA-B10") array. Atmospheric neutrinos created in the northern hemisphere are observed indirectly through their charged current interactions which produce relativistic, Cherenkov-light-emitting upgoing muons in the South Pole ice cap. The reconstructed angular distribution of these events is in good agreement with expectation and demonstrates the viability of this ice-based device as a neutrino telescope.
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| 9. |
- Andres, E., et al.
(author)
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Results from the AMANDA high energy neutrino detector
- 2000
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In: Nuclear physics B, Proceedings supplements. - : Elsevier. - 0920-5632 .- 1873-3832. ; 91:1-3, s. 423-430
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper briefly summarizes the search for astronomical sources of high-energy neutrinos using the AMANDA-B10 detector. The complete data set from 1997 was analyzed. For Eμ > 10 TeV, the detector exceeds 10,000 m2 in effective area between declinations of 25 and 90 degrees. Neutrinos generated in the atmosphere by cosmic ray interactions were used to verify the overall sensitivity of the detector. The absolute pointing accuracy and angular resolution has been confirmed by the analysis of coincident events between the SPASE air shower array and the AMANDA detector. Preliminary flux limits from point source candidates are presented. For declinations larger than +45 degrees, our results compare favorably to existing limits for sources in the Southern sky. We also present the current status of the searches for high energy neutrino emission from diffusely distributed sources, GRBs, and WIMPs from the center of the earth.
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| 10. |
- Andres, E., et al.
(author)
-
The AMANDA neutrino telescope : Principle of operation and first results
- 2000
-
In: Astroparticle physics. - : Elsevier. - 0927-6505 .- 1873-2852. ; 13:1, s. 1-20
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- AMANDA is a high-energy neutrino telescope presently under construction at the geographical South Pole. In the Antarctic summer 1995/96, an array of 80 optical modules (OMs) arranged on 4 strings (AMANDA-B4) was deployed at depths between 1.5 and 2 km. In this paper we describe the design and performance of the AMANDA-B4 prototype, based on data collected between February and November 1996. Monte Carlo simulations of the detector response to down-going atmospheric muon tracks show that the global behavior of the detector is understood. We describe the data analysis method and present first results on atmospheric muon reconstruction and separation of neutrino candidates. The AMANDA array was upgraded with 216 OMs on 6 new strings in 1996/97 (AMANDA-B10), and 122 additional OMs on 3 strings in 1997/98.
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| 11. |
- Chen, C. N., et al.
(author)
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Aggregate manganese Schiff base moieties by terephthalate or acetate : Dinuclear manganese and trinuclear mixed metal Mn-2/Na complexes
- 2003
-
In: Inorganic Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0020-1669 .- 1520-510X. ; 42:11, s. 3540-3548
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A reaction system consisting of terephthalic acid, NaOH, inorganic Mn(II) or Mn(III) salt, and salicylidene alkylimine resulted in dinuclear manganese complexes (salpn)(2)Mn-2(mu-phth)(CH3OH)(2) (1, salpn = N,N'-1,3-propylene-bis(salicylideneiminato); phth = terephthalate dianion), (salen)(2)Mn-2(mu-phth)(CH3OH)(2) (2, salen = N,N'-ethylene-bis(salicylideneiminato)), (salen)(2)Mn-2(mu-phth)(CH3OH)(H2O) (3), and (salen)(2)Mn-2(mu-phth) (4), while the absence of NaOH in the reaction led to a mononuclear Mn complex (salph)Mn(CH3OH)(NO3) (5, salph = N,N'-1,2-phenylene-bis(salicylideneiminato)). In addition, a trinuclear mixed metal complex H{Mn2Na(salpn)(2)(mu-OAc)(2)(H2O)(2)}(OAc)(2) (6) was obtained from the reaction system by using maleic acid instead of terephthalic acid. Five-coordinate Mn ions were found in 4 giving rise to an intermolecular interaction and constructing a one-dimensional linear structure. Antiferromagnetic exchange interactions were observed for 1-3, and a total ferromagnetic exchange of 4 was considered to stem from intermolecular magnetic coupling. H-1 NMR signals of phenolate ring and alkylene (or phenylene) backbone of the diamine are similar to those reported in the literature, and the phth protons are at -2.3 to -10.1 ppm. Studies on structure, bond valence sum analysis, and magnetic properties indicate the oxidation states of the Mn ions in 6 to be +3, which are also indicated by ESR spectra in dual mode. Ferromagnetic exchange interaction between the Mn(III) sites was observed with J = 1.74 cm(-1). A quasireversible redox pair at -0.29V/0.12V has been assigned to the redox of Mn-2(III)/Mn(III)Mn(II), implying the intactness of the complex backbone in solution.
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| 12. |
- Huang, D. G., et al.
(author)
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Synthesis, structural characterizations and magnetic properties of a series of mono-, di- and polynuclear manganese pyridinecarboxylate compounds
- 2004
-
In: European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. - : Wiley. - 1434-1948 .- 1099-1948 .- 1099-0682. ; :7, s. 1454-1464
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Seven new manganese(II, III, IV) pyridinecarboxylate compounds (Et4N)[MnCl2(pic)(2)] (1, Hpic = picolinic acid) [MnCl(Pic)(2)(H2O)].H2O (2), [MnCl(pic)(H2O)2](n) (3), [Mn(Pic)(2)](n) (4), [MnCl(pic)](n) (5), [MnCl2(4-C5H4NHCOO)](n) (6) and [Mn2O2(pic)(4)] (7) were synthesized and structurally characterized. The picolinate ligand coordinates to the Mn ion forming a chelating five-membered ring which constructs diverse architectures by various bridging modes, such as mu-Cl, mu(1,1)(-) and mu(1,3)-carboxylate bridges (syn-syn and syn-anti modes). The interaction between the pyridyl rings is discussed, displaying a face-to-face pi-pi stacking for complex 6 and a T-shaped C-H...pi attraction for complex 4. Complex 3 has an infinite zigzag chain structure in which two neighboring Mn ions are linked by a carboxylate bridge in a syn-anti mode. In complex 4, the Mn(pic)(2) fragments are joined to each other by double mu(1,1)-carboxylate bridges, forming a 2D layer structure. Complex 5 contains Mn4O4 square subunits which are connected by double mu-Cl bridges to form a grid-like 2D structure. The isonicotinate complex 6 has a zigzag chain structure containing mixed double mu-Cl and mu(1,3)-carboxylate bridges in a syn-syn mode. Protonation at the pyridyl-N position was found and identified by the IR and magnetic properties of 6. The participation of an oxidizing agent like MnO4- leads to complexes containing higher valent manganese (1, 2 and 7). The IR spectra of these complexes are discussed and found to be consistent with the structural features. The magnetic properties of complexes 4, 5 and 6 have been investigated. Antiferromagnetic coupling interactions were observed and satisfactory fitting results were obtained with J values ranging from -0.63 cm(-1) to -2.35 cm(-1). The magnetic parameters of these complexes, together with the parameters of other Mn complexes with comparable structures, are compared and discussed based on the bridging modes. ((C) Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004).
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| 13. |
- Huang, D. U., et al.
(author)
-
Synthesis, structural characterization and magnetic properties of 2-pyrazinecarboxylate manganese compounds Mn(pyz)(2)(H2O)(4) and MnCl(pyz)(H2O) (n) (pyz=2-pyrazinecarboxylate)
- 2003
-
In: Inorganica Chimica Acta. - 0020-1693 .- 1873-3255. ; 353, s. 284-291
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Two pyz complexes [Mn(pyz)(2)(H2O)(4)] (1) and [MnCl(pyz)(H2O)] (2) have been synthesized and structurally characterized. Complex 1 contains an eight-coordinate Mn(II) ion with square anti-prismatic geometry. The extensive intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions of O-carboxyl...H-O-aqua correlate the complex molecules, forming 2D polymeric layer structure. The structure of complex 2 contains 1D Mn/pyz chains, which link to each other by double mu(2)-Cl bridges to form 2D layer with Mn...Mn distance of 3.664 Angstrom. Hydrogen-bonding interactions of O-carboxyl...H-O-aqua are found between the layers to correlate the 2D layers to form a 3D framework. In addition, the variable temperature magnetic susceptibilities of complex 2 were measured and weak ferromagnetic exchange interactions between the neighboring magnetic species were found with J = 0.42 cm(-1).
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| 14. |
- Karle, A., et al.
(author)
-
Observation of high energy atmospheric neutrinos with AMANDA
- 2000
-
In: AIP Conference Proceedings. - : American Institute of Physics (AIP). ; , s. 823-827
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In 1997 the Antarctic Muon and Neutrino Detector Array (AMANDA) started operating with 10 strings. In an analysis of data taken during the first year of operation 188 atmospheric neutrino candidates were found. Their zenith angle distribution agrees with expectations based on Monte Carlo simulations. A preliminary upper limit is given on a diffuse flux of high energy neutrinos of astrophysical origin.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Li, H. Y., et al.
(author)
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Properties of a dinuclear Mn(III,III) complex with a tri-phenolate ligand N4O3 (3-) and a new complex containing a ligand covalently linked to ruthenium tris-bipyridine
- 2004
-
In: Huaxue xuebao. - 0567-7351. ; 62:9, s. 916-922
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A new high valent complex [Mn-2(III, III)L(mu-OAc)(2)].PF6 (2a) was prepared, where L was the trianion of 2, 6-bis {[(2-hydroxy-5-tert-butylbenzyl) (pyridyl-2-methyl)-amino]-methyl}-4-methylphenol, which contains two additional phenolate groups and two tert-butyl groups compared to its parent [Mn-2(II, II)(bpmp)(mu-OAc)(2)].ClO4 (1). These improvements narrowed the disparity between the new model and (Mn)(4) cluster (OEC in nature). Moreover, L was modified to be covalently linked with Ru(II) tris-bipyridine through an amide bond to construct a complex 2b for the study of photoinduced electron transfer (PET). UV-vis, IR, emission spectra and electrochemistry were used to investigate their photochemistry properties. The results showed that 2b has good photochemistry properties and the E-1/2 of Ru3+/Ru2+ was higher than those of phenol(+)/phenol and Mn(III, IV)/Mn(III, III). After coordination of manganese ions, the electron transfer process in the model complex conforms to the basic principles of electron donor side of photosystem II (PS II) in nature.
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| 17. |
- Ma, C. B., et al.
(author)
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Great framework variation of polymers in the manganese(II) maleate/alpha,alpha' - Diimine system : Syntheses, structures, and magneto-structural correlation
- 2003
-
In: European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. - : Wiley. - 1434-1948 .- 1099-1948 .- 1099-0682. ; :15, s. 2872-2879
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Three novel manganese(II) coordination polymers, [Mn (maleate)(phen)](n) (1; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline), [Mn-(maleate)(phen)](n).nH(2)O (2), and [Mn(maleate)(bpy)](n) (3; bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine), have been synthesized by treatment of Mn2+ with maleic acid with participation of chelate diimine ligands, and have been identified by single-crystal, X-ray diffraction to have either one-dimensional (1D) zigzag chain structures (1 and 2) or a two-dimensional (2D) sinuous layer structure (3). Each maleate dianion coordinates to three Mn centers, in different bridging modes (syn-anti in 1 and 2, syn-syn and anti-anti in 3). These compounds represent an interesting example of structural topology variation from 1D to 2D mediated by chemically similar auxiliary chelate ligands. Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements show weak anti-ferromagnetic exchange interactions between the adjacent Mn-II ions, with J = -0.06 cm(-1) (2) and J = -1.3 cm(-1), zJ' = -0.27 cm(-1) (3). The differences in the magnitudes of these coupling interactions agree well with the nature of the carb oxylate-bridging coordination of maleate.
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| 18. |
- Ma, C. B., et al.
(author)
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Structural transformation mediated by o-, m-, and p-phthalates from two to three dimensions for manganese/phthalate/4,4 '-bpy complexes (4,4 '-bpy=4,4 '-bipyridine)
- 2003
-
In: New Journal of Chemistry. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1144-0546 .- 1369-9261. ; 27:5, s. 890-894
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Three isomers of o-, m-, and p-phthalate are used to link together Mn centres, resulting in [Mn(phth)(H2O)(x)](n) moieties ( phth = phthalate dianion) with single-chain, double-chain and sheet structures, respectively, which predetermine the extended structures derived from the crosslinkage of 4,4'-bipyridine, and show the influence of isomerism of the phthalate on topological changes of the final polymers from two dimensional (2D) single-layer, double-layer to 3D network architectures. These structural changes in topology are correlated with the differences in the magnetic and optical properties of the polymers.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Shi, F., et al.
(author)
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Synthesis and properties of a new donor model compound for PSII
- 2004
-
In: Gaodeng xuéxiào huàxué xuébào. - 0251-0790. ; 25:9, s. 1666-1672
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- As a model compound for redox components on the donor side of photosystem II (PS II) in green plants, a supramolecular complex 2 was synthesized and characterized. In this complex, two {[(2-hydroxy-3-(morpholin-4-ylmethyl)-5-tert-butyl-benzyl)(pyridyl-2-methyl)amino]methyl} arms are linked to the ortho-positions of a phenol which is expected covalently to be linked to Ru(II) tris-bipyridine through an amide bond. The arms on the substituted-phenol can coordinate two Mn(III) ions. The structure of complex 2 was confirmed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and 2D-NMR (gCOSY, HSQC and HMBC). Its photochemical and electrochemical properties were studied. The results showed that the MLCT band of the compound was red-shifted compared to that of [Ru(byp)(3)](2+) and the luminescence quantum yield was enhanced. In addition, the oxidation potential of ruthenium was higher than the phenol(+)/phenol and Mn(III, IV)/Mn(III) which was consisted with the electron transfer sequence of the donor side of PS II in nature. All these showed that this compound was a good model to mimic the donor side of PS II.
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| 21. |
- Sun, Z. G, et al.
(author)
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Femtosecond pump-probe photodissociation of OClO: direct observation of the (2)A(1) state and the role of accidental multiphoton resonance
- 2004
-
In: Chemical Physics Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 0009-2614. ; 393:1-3, s. 204-208
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Previous pump-probe experiments on the OCIO molecule are analyzed and a consistent interpretation of the experimental observations is proposed. We demonstrate that a direct observation of the very weak (2)A(1) state of OCIO is possible with a proper femtosecond pulse, and suggest that it is necessary to introduce an accidental resonance of the probe pulse with the highly excited D or E states for understanding the observed distinct photodissociation dynamics of the (2)A(2) state using pump pulses of slightly different wavelengths. A transient abnormal peak, observed in the OCIO+ ion signal after a stronger excitation, is also convincingly interpreted. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 22. |
- Sun, Z. G, et al.
(author)
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Time-dependent wave packet split operator calculations on a three-dimensional Fourier grid in Radau coordinates applied to the OCIO photoelectron spectrum
- 2004
-
In: Journal of Physical Chemistry A. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1089-5639 .- 1520-5215. ; 108:42, s. 9226-9232
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A transformed Hamiltonian for a triatomic molecule in Radau coordinates is employed for time-dependent wave packet calculations. The first photoelectron band of the OClO molecule is calculated by propagating the wave packet on a three-dimensional Fourier grid with the split operator method. To find the intial wave function, we first calculate the few lowest one-dimensional eigenfunctions along each Radau coordinate by the Fourier grid Hamiltonian method. The direct product of these eigenfunctions is then used as basis set for obtaining the initial ground state vibrational wave function, which in this way is expressed directly on the three-dimensional Fourier grid. Consistent with the results of a previous two-dimensional study, we find that the asymmetric stretch plays little role in the photoionization process. An improved equilibrium geometry for the potential energy surface function of the ground electronic state of OClO+ was found by iteratively comparing with the experimental photoelectron spectrum. Using the approach employed here, it is easy to treat a timed-dependent Hamiltonian.
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| 23. |
- Zhang, X. F., et al.
(author)
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catena-Poly (1,10-phenanthroline-kappa N-2,N ')manganese(II) -mu-L-tartrato-kappa O-4(1),O-2 : O-3,O-4 hexahydrate
- 2003
-
In: Acta Crystallographica Section C. - 0108-2701 .- 1600-5759. ; 59, s. M402-M404
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The title compound, {[Mn(C4H4O6)(C12H8N2)] . 6H(2)O}(n), has a linear chain structure containing monomeric [ Mn( C4H4O6)( C12H8N2)] repeat units. Each manganese ion is six-coordinate, with the two phenanthroline N atoms [Mn - N = 2.229 (2) and 2.235 (2) Angstrom] and four O atoms from two tartrate anions [Mn - O-COO = 2.1252 (19) and 2.1310 (19) Angstrom, and Mn - O-OH = 2.2404 (19) and 2.2424 (19) Angstrom] forming a seriously distorted octahedral coordination environment. Six water molecules exist outside every repeat unit as solvate molecules. Extensive hydrogen-bonding interactions and pi-pi stacking of the phenanthroline moieties exist between the chains.
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