| 1. |
- Colombo, Armando Walter, et al.
(author)
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A 70-Year Industrial Electronics Society Evolution Through Industrial Revolutions : The Rise and Flourishing of Information and Communication Technologies
- 2021
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In: IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine. - : IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC. - 1932-4529 .- 1941-0115. ; 15:1, s. 115-126
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Industrial Revolution, which originally involved the change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to a market dominated by factory mechanization during the early 18th century, has profoundly shaped the world. It has progressed through four disruptive phases: Industry 1.0 through Industry 4.0. Industry 1.0 encompassed early automation, while Industry 2.0 began at the end of the 19th century, when enormous technological advances were made, such as mass production, electrification, and new modes of transportation. Industry 3.0 began during the 1970s, a decade that gave rise to the electronics, telecommunications, and computing that enable full automation and robotics. Industry 4.0 kicked off at the dawn of the third millennium, marked by the ubiquitous use of Internet technologies, which have radically transformed how people, society, and industry interact.
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| 2. |
- Dai, Wenbin, et al.
(author)
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Industrial Edge Computing : Enabling Embedded Intelligence
- 2019
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In: IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine. - : IEEE. - 1932-4529 .- 1941-0115. ; 13:4, s. 48-56
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The term industrial edge computing is used to describe a distributed platform that integrates communication, computation, and storage resources for performing real-time applications that can be directly accessed from the cloud. A step toward the industrial Internet revolution, industrial edge computing is designed to facilitate agile connectivity, real-time control, and data optimization, while enabling intelligent applications, ensuring tight security, and protecting privacy. Industrial edge computing makes use of what is known as edge computing nodes (ECNs), which bridge the gap between the physical world and the digital world by acting as smart gateways for assets, services, and systems. The IEEE P2805 Standards are being developed for defining protocols for self-management, data acquisition, and machine learning through cloud-edge collaboration on ECNs.
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| 3. |
- Dai, Wenbin, et al.
(author)
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Synergies of Operation, Information, and Communication Technology for Solving New Societal and Industrial Challenges : Future Directions
- 2024
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In: IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine. - : IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC. - 1932-4529 .- 1941-0115.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The world is facing a series of new societal and industrial challenges, such as continuously increasing costs in food and energy supply and a short supply of skilled labor. To solve these new challenges, operation, information, and communication technology is entering a new era with more focus targeted to cost reduction and energy savings. In this article, how innovative technologies including virtualization, low-code development, digital twins, and industrial agents can support and impact digital and green transitions is analyzed. In addition, how these technologies will help the security and sustainability of future industrial automation systems is also discussed.
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| 4. |
- de Silva, Daswin, et al.
(author)
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Toward Intelligent Industrial Informatics : A Review of Current Developments and Future Directions of Artificial Intelligence in Industrial Applications
- 2020
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In: IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine. - : IEEE. - 1932-4529 .- 1941-0115. ; 14:2, s. 57-72
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Research, the universal pursuit of new knowledge, is embarking on a fresh journey into artificial intelligence (AI). Nature reports that AI arose nine places to the fourth-most popular search term and that search terms machine learning and deep learning appeared in the top 20 for the first time since 2018. It is pertinent for industrial informatics to embrace this renewed surge of interest in AI with a clear direction and purpose that engages scholars, practitioners, and professionals alike.
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| 5. |
- Delsing, Jerker
(author)
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Local Cloud Internet of Things Automation : Technology and Business Model Features of Distributed Internet of Things Automation Solutions
- 2017
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In: IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 1932-4529 .- 1941-0115. ; 11:4, s. 8-21
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The hype concerning digitalization is increasing the demand for new generations of automation systems. Concepts like Reference Architecture Model Industry 4.0 (RAMI 4.0) give us models but do not tell us how to facilitate actual implementations. This article discusses the transition from legacy automation technology as defined by ISA-95 to highly distributed Internet of Things (IoT)- and system of systems (SoS)- based automation systems that fully utilize Internet technologies, thus enabling the implementation of Industry 4.0 and RAMI 4.0 models. Distributed IoT automation systems have a number of general requirements concerning real-time performance, security, engineering cost, scalability, and interoperability. Meeting these requirements is necessary to enable possibilities for a realworld implementation of IoT automation. A key concept is local automation clouds. The discussion is based on a particular example of such an automation integration platform, the Arrowhead Framework.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Grimaldi, Simone, et al.
(author)
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Autonomous Interference Mapping for Industrial Internet of Things Networks Over Unlicensed Bands : Identifying Cross-Technology Interference
- 2021
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In: IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine. - 1932-4529 .- 1941-0115. ; 15:1, s. 67-78
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The limited coexistence capabilities of current Internet of Things (IoT) wireless standards produce inefficient spectrum utilization and mutual performance impairment. The problem becomes critical in industrial IoT (IIoT) applications, which have stringent quality-of-service (QoS) requirements and very low error tolerance. The constant growth of wireless applications over unlicensed bands mandates then the adoption of dynamic spectrum-access techniques, which can significantly benefit from interference mapping over multiple dimensions of the radio space. In this article, we analyze the critical role of real-time interference detection and classification mechanisms that rely on only IIoT devices, without the added complexity of specialized hardware. The tradeoffs between classification performance and feasibility are analyzed in connection with the implementation on low-complexity IIoT devices. Moreover, we explain how to use such mechanisms for enabling IIoT networks to construct and maintain multidimensional interference maps at runtime in an autonomous fashion. Finally, we give an overview of the opportunities and challenges of using interference maps to enhance the performance of IIoT networks under interference.
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| 8. |
- Han, Weiji, 1987, et al.
(author)
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Next-Generation Battery Management Systems: Dynamic Reconfiguration
- 2020
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In: IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine. - 1941-0115 .- 1932-4529. ; 14:4, s. 20-31
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Batteries are widely applied to the energy storage and power supply in portable electronics, transportation, power systems, communication networks, etc. They are particularly demanded in the emerging technologies of vehicle electrification and renewable energy integration for a green and sustainable society. To meet various voltage, power, and energy requirements in large-scale applications, multiple battery cells have to be connected in series and/or parallel. While battery technology has advanced significantly in the past decade, existing battery management systems (BMSs) mainly focus on state monitoring and control of battery systems packed in fixed configurations. In fixed configurations, though, the battery system performance is in principle limited by the weakest cells, which can leave large parts severely underutilized. Allowing dynamic reconfiguration of battery cells, on the other hand, allows individual and flexible manipulation of the battery system at cell, module, and pack levels, which may open up a new paradigm for battery management. Following this trend, this paper provides an overview of next-generation BMSs featuring dynamic reconfiguration. Motivated by numerous potential benefits of reconfigurable battery systems (RBSs), the hardware designs, management principles, and optimization algorithms for RBSs are sequentially and systematically discussed. Theoretical and practical challenges during the design and implementation of RBSs are highlighted in the end to stimulate future research and development.
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| 9. |
- Hellström, Henrik, et al.
(author)
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Software-Defined Wireless Communication for Industrial Control : A Realistic Approach
- 2019
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In: IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 1932-4529 .- 1941-0115. ; 13:4, s. 31-37
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Wireless communication for industrial applications of fers multiple advantages over traditional wired communicat ion, such a s reduced installation and maintenance costs, increased flexibility, and better suitability for harsh conditions and mobile environments. However, many industrial applications feature high-performance requirements for latency and reliability, challenges which are difficult are to meet over the wireless channel. Currently available wireless technologies struggle to achieve these requirements, leaving a gap between industry demands and state-of-the-art performance. To close this gap, traditional solutions that rely on general-purpose chipsets could be replaced with dedicated solutions for industrial applications. In this article, we discuss the feasibility of designing an industrial wireless solution based on software-defined radio (SDR), the obtained results, and the role of softwarization in the future of industrial communication.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Jiang, Xiaolin, et al.
(author)
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Using a Large Data Set to Improve Industrial Wireless Communications Latency, Reliability, and Security
- 2019
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In: IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 1932-4529 .- 1941-0115. ; 13:1, s. 6-12
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Trealize the Industry 4.0 vision and enable mobile connectivity and flexible deployment in harsh industrial environments, wireless communication is essential. But before wireless communications technology can be widely deployed for critical control applications, first it must be assessed, and that requires a comprehensive characterization of the wireless channel. This can be done by analyzing large amounts of wireless data collected from different industrial environments. In this article, we discuss the possibilities offered by a recently published industrial wireless data set. This data set is more exhaustive than measurements previously reported. We show two cases of how those data have been applied to improve latency performance and to investigate the feasibility of physical-layer security techniques for wireless communication in industrial environments.
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| 12. |
- Li, Yang, 1984, et al.
(author)
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Model Order Reduction Techniques for Physics-Based Lithium-ion Battery Management: A Survey
- 2022
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In: IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine. - 1941-0115 .- 1932-4529. ; 16:3, s. 36-51
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- To unlock the promise of electrified transportation and smart grid, emerging advanced battery management systems (BMSs) shall play an important role in health-aware monitoring, diagnosis, and control of widely used lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. Sophisticated physics-based battery models incorporated in the advanced BMS can offer valuable battery internal information to achieve improved operational safety, reliability and efficiency, and to extend the lifetime of the batteries. However, developed from the fundamental electrochemical and thermodynamic principles, the rigorous physics-based models are saddled with exceedingly high cognitive and computational complexity for practical applications. This article reviews prevailing order reduction techniques of physics-based Li-ion battery models to facilitate the development of next-generation BMSs. We analyze and comparatively characterize these techniques, mainly from perspectives of model fidelity, computational efficiency, and the scope of applications. By representing many effective and flexible reduced-order models as equivalent circuits, designers and practitioners, who do not have electrochemical expertise but with knowledge of circuit theory, can readily gain insights into multi-physical dynamics as well as their coupling effects inside the batteries. In addition, recommendations are made on how to select appropriate physics-based models for various model-based applications in battery management. Finally, the prospect of physical model-enabled BMSs is discussed, including the potential challenges and future research directions.
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| 13. |
- Mahmood, Aamir, 1980-, et al.
(author)
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Factory 5G : A Review of Industry-Centric Features and Deployment Options
- 2022
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In: IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine. - 1932-4529 .- 1941-0115. ; 16:2, s. 24-34
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Fine-grained and wide-scale connectivity is a precondition to fully digitalize the manufacturing industry. Driven by this need, new technologies such as time-sensitive networking (TSN), 5G wireless networks, and industrial Internet-of-things (IIoT) are being applied to industrial communication networks to reach the desired connectivity spectrum. With TSN emerging as a wired networking solution, converging IT and operational technology (OT) data streams, 5G is upscaling its access and core networks to function as an independent or a transparent TSN carrier in demanding OT use-cases. In this article, we discuss the drivers for future industrial wireless systems and review the role of 5G and its industrial-centric evolution towards meeting the strict performance standards of factories. We also elaborate on the 5G deployment options, including frequency spectrum allocation and private networks, to help the factory owners discern various dimensions of solution space and concerns to integrate 5G in industrial networks.
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| 14. |
- Mahmood, Aamir, 1980-, et al.
(author)
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Remote-Timber : An Outlook for Teleoperated Forestry With First 5G Measurements
- 2023
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In: IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine. - : IEEE. - 1932-4529 .- 1941-0115. ; 17:3, s. 42-53
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Across all industries, digitalization and automation are on the rise under the Industry 4.0 vision, and the forest industry is no exception. The forest industry depends on distributed flows of raw materials to the industry through various phases, wherein the typical workflow of timber loading and offloading is finding traction in using automation and 5G wireless networking technologies to enhance efficiency and reduce cost. This article presents one such ongoing effort in Sweden, Remote-Timber—demonstrating a 5G-connected teleoperation use-case within a workflow of timber terminal—and disseminates its business attractiveness as well as first measurement results on network performance. Also, it outlines the future needs of the 5G network design/optimization from teleoperation perspective. Overall, the motivation of this article is to disseminate our early-stage findings and reflections to the industrial and academic communities for furthering the research and development activities in enhancing 5G networks for verticals.
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| 15. |
- Mumtaz, Shahid, et al.
(author)
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Massive Internet of Things for Industrial Applications
- 2017
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In: IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 1932-4529 .- 1941-0115. ; 11:1, s. 28-33
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article provides an overview of the development and standardizations of connectivity solutions for enabling the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). It also highlights key IIoT connectivity technologies and platforms that have the potential of driving the next industrial revolution. In addition, the article addresses the main challenges standing in the way of realizing the full potential of the IIoT, namely attaining secure connectivity and managing a vastly fragmented ecosystem of connectivity solutions and platforms. Finally, IIoT connectivity challenges are illustrated by the example of future building automation.
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| 16. |
- Pan, Fei, et al.
(author)
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Physical-Layer Security for Industrial Wireless Control Systems
- 2018
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In: IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine. - : IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC. - 1932-4529 .- 1941-0115. ; 12:4, s. 18-27
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Wireless networks for industrial control systems are promising because of their reduced cost, flexible structure, and improved long-term reliability. However, wireless control systems are vulnerable to probing-free attacks (PFAs), which are not possible in wired control systems. Thus, wireless control systems must be made as secure as wired systems. Physical (PHY)-layer security technology (PHY-Sec) may be a new strategy for securing industrial wireless control systems. Among all PHY-Sec technologies, PHY-layer authentication is the first step for PHYSec in industrial wireless control systems. This article discusses the principles of PHY-Sec, its application to wireless control systems, and potential research directions.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Vyatkin, Valeriy, et al.
(author)
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Now that's smart!
- 2007
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In: IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine. - 1932-4529 .- 1941-0115. ; 1:4, s. 17-29
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In order to encapsulate knowledge into function blocks, have more configurability of devices and features and apply models as a network of function blocks, the function block architecture of IEC 61499 has bee developed. IEC 61499 provides a new degree of flexibility in managing embedded control and information processing systems. IEC 61499 can also be used in a network of function blocks wherein an application is distributed across different computing devices. IEC 61499 provides a mechanism for creating new device types as a set of resource types and function block libraries and uses an Open XML-based device management protocol, which in turn enables configurability of compliant devices by compliant software tools. As such, IEC 61499 is a far better solution that existing PLC systems, not to mention the fact that it allows creation and deletion of resources which are containers for applications. IEC 61499 function blocks have enabled features such as reconfigurability, PnP, independence of target execution platforms and independence of control strategy.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Zhan, Ming, et al.
(author)
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Wireless High-Performance Communications Improving Effectiveness and Creating Ultrahigh Reliability with Channel Coding
- 2018
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In: IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 1932-4529 .- 1941-0115. ; 12:3, s. 32-37
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- To meet a set of stringent requirements for wireless control in critical applications, the described wireless high-performance (WirelessHP) communication system represents a breakthrough regarding microsecondlevel latency, but the proof of ultrahigh reliability is still lacking. To this aim, we propose the incorporation of channel coding in its physical layer. Building on a customized protocol stack and a hardware demonstrator, we prove the effectiveness of channel coding and suggest further research in this area.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Laeverenz Schlogelhofer, Hannah, et al.
(author)
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Combining SIMS and mechanistic modelling to reveal nutrient kinetics in an algal-bacterial mutualism
- 2021
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In: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 16:5
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Microbial communities are of considerable significance for biogeochemical processes, for the health of both animals and plants, and for biotechnological purposes. A key feature of microbial interactions is the exchange of nutrients between cells. Isotope labelling followed by analysis with secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) can identify nutrient fluxes and heterogeneity of substrate utilisation on a single cell level. Here we present a novel approach that combines SIMS experiments with mechanistic modelling to reveal otherwise inaccessible nutrient kinetics. The method is applied to study the onset of a synthetic mutualistic partnership between a vitamin B-12-dependent mutant of the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the B-12-producing, heterotrophic bacterium Mesorhizobium japonicum, which is supported by algal photosynthesis. Results suggest that an initial pool of fixed carbon delays the onset of mutualistic cross-feeding; significantly, our approach allows the first quantification of this expected delay. Our method is widely applicable to other microbial systems, and will contribute to furthering a mechanistic understanding of microbial interactions.
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