| 1. |
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Unraveling the logics of landscape
- 2014
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Editorial collection (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Despite conceptual oscillations through times, the concept of landscape remains highly subjective, whereupon unraveling its 'logics' opens up to a plurality of interpretations. Accordingly, by focusing on the interconnections present in the non-haphazard production of landscape, this publication elaborates on how the rural landscape is valued, monitored, changed, harbored, used and misused, be it through actions, representations or metaphors. This book covers a broad range of topics, with contributions from scholars from more than 30 countries.
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| 2. |
- Berríos-Negrón, Luis
(author)
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Greenhouse Superstructures as Social Pedestals : displaying site-specific non-locality as a possible form of resilience
- 2015
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In: Architecture and Resilience on the Human Scale. - Sheffield, UK : University of Sheffield. ; , s. 70-71
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- In this paper I will propose that greenhouse superstructures are not just the surface envelop of an industrial typology: they are more so a spatial archetype. As such, they are historiographical boundary objects that at times display the spatiotemporal dimensions and geopolitical flows of environmental form in accelerated climate change. This abovementioned hypothesis is reflected through the manifold of “resilience” as defined by Prof. Lawrence Vale - of resilience being “a window into conflicting human values”. The aim of this effort is to ultimately centre the manifold notion of “greenhouse” as an index that points away from itself towards the impact of anthropological and technocratic ideologies on agricultural and spatial production. It is these binary ideologies that arguably create what we sense to be a crisis of scale, now further articulated as the hyperobject of climate change as a disjuncture that we nostalgically entertain as a chasm between the human condition and the living environment. Parsed by augmenting the notion of 'greenhouse superstructure' – as technology, gas, and effect – the hypothesis looks to articulate the greenhouse as a 'site-specific non-local' sensation on the expanding sculptural field. What this expanding sculptural netherworld implies needs to be rigorously addressed for it may very well become what tautologically heightens the greenhouse to the providence of becoming our future atmosphere and landscape. To elaborate this potentiality, I will first present the schematics and precedents of the dissertation, including four installations of my authorship in Germany, Brazil, and Sweden. These sections then lead to an argument instantiated by thinking of the greenhouse as 'social pedestal'. The objective is therefore to embody the notion of non-local site-specific resilience as modes of pedagogy and production that aspire to destabilise the anthropological machine, as resilient modes not limited to historic, scientific, artistic, correlational, nor speculative conventions.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Munthe, Christian, 1962
(author)
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Precaution and Ethics: Handling risks, uncertainties and knowledge gaps in the regulation of new biotechnologies
- 2017
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Book (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This volume outlines and analyses ethical issues actualized by applying a precautionary approach to the regulation of new biotechnologies. It presents a novel way of categorizing and comparing biotechnologies from a precautionary standpoint. Based on this, it addresses underlying philosophical problems regarding the ethical assessment of decision-making under uncertainty and ignorance, and discusses how risks and possible benefits of such technologies should be balanced from an ethical standpoint. It argues on conceptual and ethical grounds for a technology neutral regulation as well as for a regulation that not only checks new technologies but also requires old, inferior ones to be phased out. It demonstrates how difficult ethical issues regarding the extent and ambition of precautionary policies need to be handled by such a regulation, and presents an overarching framework for doing so.
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| 5. |
- Liljenström, Hans, et al.
(author)
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Scoping Report on Socio-Economic and Land Use Dynamics in the Stockholm-Mälar Region
- 2014
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This scoping report for the COMPLEX work package 4 (WP4) on Socio-Economic and Land Use Dynamics in the Stockholm-Mälar Region has several objectives. The first is to present and outline the state-of-the-art, including a literature review, with regard to complex pathways to a low carbon society, with special relevance to the Stockholm-Mälar region. It will do so in a larger context of complex socio-natural systems, with an emphasis on a green economy, bioen-ergy and land use, as well as on societal transformation and behavioural change. Another objec-tive is to inform primarily our partners in COMPLEX, but also others who might be interested, including stakeholders in our study region. Perhaps the most important objective with this re-port is to provide a basis for the collaborative work within our work package, and with our col-leagues elsewhere. In this second revised version of the report, we have extended some parts, and shortened others, depending on suggestions and interesting new information. A part of this new information has come from a stakeholder workshop held in Sigtuna in early 2014, which to a great extent could contribute to a more elaborate analysis of stakeholder and policy maker positions. In addition, there is now a more extensive description of relevant land use modelling. The illustrations included in this report are extracted from scientific articles and other material that we are referring to. Their origin is explicitly cited but no copyright authorization has been requested, while this report is intended primarily for internal spread and use within the COM-PLEX consortium and its networks.
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| 6. |
- Johnsson, Anna-Ida, et al.
(author)
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Specific SCAR markers and multiplex real-time PCR for quantification of two Trichoderma biocontrol strains in environmental samples
- 2011
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In: BioControl. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1386-6141 .- 1573-8248. ; 56, s. 903-913
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Several strains from the genus Trichoderma (Ascomycetes, Hypocreales) are commercially used as biocontrol agents, e.g. in formulations containing the two Trichoderma strains IMI206039 (Hypocrea parapilulifera B.S. Lu, Druzhinina & Samuels) and IMI206040 (T. atroviride P. Karst). To quantify the presence of the two isolates after application, we developed primers for SCAR markers (Sequence-Characterised Amplified Region). In order to quantify both fungal strains simultaneously, we also designed fluorophore-labelled probes distinguishing the two strains, to be used in combination with the SCAR primers. In incubations of two different soils, artificially inoculated and maintained under controlled conditions, the quantification through amplification with the SCAR markers in qPCR and through colony-forming units from plate counting correlated well. Further tests of the markers on samples taken from a golf green treated with a product containing both strains indicated that the two biocontrol strains did not establish, either on the golf green or in the surrounding area.
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| 7. |
- Von Rosen, Dietrich
(author)
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Non-negative estimation of variance components in heteroscedastic one-way random-effects ANOVA models
- 2010
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In: Statistics. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0233-1888 .- 1029-4910. ; 44, s. 557-569
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- There is a considerable amount of literature dealing with inference about the parameters in a heteroscedastic one-way random-effects ANOVA model. In this paper, we primarily address the problem of improved quadratic estimation of the random-effect variance component. It turns out that such estimators with a smaller mean squared error compared with some standard unbiased quadratic estimators exist under quite general conditions. Improved estimators of the error variance components are also established.
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| 8. |
- Englund, Oskar, 1982, et al.
(author)
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Meeting Sustainability Requirements for SRC Bioenergy: Usefulness of Existing Tools, Responsibilities of Involved Stakeholders, and Recommendations for Further Developments
- 2012
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In: Bioenergy Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1939-1234 .- 1939-1242. ; 5:3, s. 606-620
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Short rotation coppice (SRC) is considered an important biomass supply option for meeting the European renewable energy targets. This paper presents an overview of existing and prospective sustainability requirements, Member State reporting obligations and parts of the methodology for calculating GHG emissions savings within the EU Renewable Energy Directive (RED), and shows how these RED-associated sustainability criteria may affect different stakeholders along SRC bioenergy supply chains. Existing and prospective tools are assessed on their usefulness in ensuring that SRC bioenergy is produced with sufficient consideration given to the RED-associated criteria. A sustainability framework is outlined that aims at (1) facilitating the development of SRC production systems that are attractive from the perspectives of all stakeholders, and (2) ensuring that the SRC production is RED eligible. Producer manuals, EIAs, and voluntary certification schemes can all be useful for ensuring RED eligibility. However, they are currently not sufficiently comprehensive, neither individually nor combined, and suggestions for how they can be more complementary are given. Geographical information systems offer opportunities for administrative authorities to provide stakeholders with maps or databases over areas/fields suitable for RED-eligible SRC cultivation. However, proper consideration of all relevant aspects requires that all stakeholders in the SRC supply chain become engaged in the development of SRC production systems and that a landscape perspective is used.
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| 9. |
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Heritage as Common(s) - Common(s) as Heritage
- 2015
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Editorial collection (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The book consitutes the printed outcome of a seminar series run by the Critical Heritage Initiative (University of Gothenburg) and the Urban Heritage Cluster (Curating the City).
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| 10. |
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Heritage as Common(s) - Common(s) as Heritage
- 2015
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Editorial collection (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The book consitutes the printed outcome of a seminar series run by the Critical Heritage Initiative (University of Gothenburg) and the Urban Heritage Cluster (Curating the City).
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Messing, Ingmar
(author)
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Land and land use : Natural preconditions
- 2011
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In: Agriculture and Forestry in Sweden since 1900- a cartographic description. - 9789187760617 ; , s. 14-22
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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| 14. |
- Messing, Ingmar
(author)
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Marken i Sverige : Naturliga förutsättningar
- 2011
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In: Sveriges nationalatlas. Jordbruk och skogsbruk i Sverige sedan år 1900: en kartografisk beskrivning. - 9789187760594 ; , s. 14-22
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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| 15. |
- Tunon, Håkan, et al.
(author)
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Kulturarv och hållbar utveckling
- 2010
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In: Bebyggelsehistorisk tidskrift. - : Föreningen Bebyggelsehistorisk tidskrift. - 0349-2834 .- 2002-3812. ; , s. 99–106-
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
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Land and Hydropolitics in the Nile River Basin : Challenges and New Investments
- 2016
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Editorial collection (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Nile River Basin supports the livelihoods of millions of people in Egypt, Ethiopia, Sudan and Uganda, principally as water for agriculture and hydropower. The resource is the focus of much contested development, not only between upstream and downstream neighbours, but also from countries outside the region. This book investigates the water, land and energy nexus in the Nile Basin.It explains how the current surge in land and energy investments, both by foreign actors as well as domestic investors, affects already strained transboundary relations in the region and how investments are intertwined within wider contexts of Nile Basin history, politics and economy. Overall, the book presents a range of perspectives, drawing on political science, international relations theory, sociology, history and political ecology.
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| 19. |
- Newson, William, et al.
(author)
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Effect of Additives on the Tensile Performance and Protein Solubility of Industrial Oilseed Residual Based Plastics
- 2014
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In: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0021-8561 .- 1520-5118. ; 62:28, s. 6707-6715
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Ten chemical additives were selected from the literature for their proposed modifying activity in protein-protein interactions. These consisted of acids, bases, reducing agents, and denaturants and were added to residual deoiled meals of Crambe abyssinica (crambe) and Brassica carinata (carinata) to modify the properties of plastics produced through hot compression molding at 130 degrees C. The films produced were examined for tensile properties, protein solubility, molecular weight distribution, and water absorption. Of the additives tested, NaOH had the greatest positive effect on tensile properties, with increases of 105% in maximum stress and 200% in strain at maximum stress for crambe and a 70% increase in strain at maximum stress for carinata. Stiffness was not increased by any of the applied additives. Changes in tensile strength and elongation for crambe and elongation for carinata were related to changes in protein solubility. Increased pH was the most successful in improving the protein aggregation and mechanical properties within the complex chemistry of residual oilseed meals.
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| 20. |
- Röös, Elin, et al.
(author)
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Nästa steg för ekologiskt lantbruk – eko 3.0
- 2016
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Reports (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- Hur kan ekologisk produktion och konsumtion utvecklas för att bättre svara mot framtidens stora globala utmaningar? Den nya skriften bygger på broschyren "Organic 3.0 for truly sustainable farming & consumption" som tagits fram av IFOAM, internationell paraplyorganisation för ekologiskt lantbruk, kompletterat med reflektioner kring vad Eko 3.0 kan innebära för svenska förhållanden.
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| 21. |
- Olstorpe, Matilda, et al.
(author)
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Microbial changes during storage of moist crimped cereal barley grain under Swedish farm conditions
- 2010
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In: Animal Feed Science and Technology. - Amsterdam, Netherlands : Elsevier. - 0377-8401 .- 1873-2216. ; 156:1-2, s. 37-46
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This Study investigated feed hygiene during airtight storage of non-dried barley grain under farm conditions. Microorganisms on the grain were sampled and quantified in seven Swedish firms throughout the storage period using culture dependent methods. The dominant lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeasts were identified by rRNA gene sequencing and moulds by morphological characterisation. Moisture content (MC) and pH of the grain were also monitored. It was difficult to obtain the optimal MC(0.30-0.45 g/g) that is necessary to initiate fermentation in the grain. Feed hygiene was maintained during storage of cereals when MC below 0.17 g/g. Intermediate MC (0.17-0.23 g/g) of the grains was conducive to mould growth, including growth of potential producers of mycotoxins, which can diminish feed safety and nutritional value. Enterobacteriaceae were found in all barleys, even at low MC, but their numbers were substantially decreased when the number of LAB was high. True fermentation of moist crimped cereal grains was only obtained on one farm with all initial barley MC of 0.3 g/g. Here, LAB reached high numbers during storage, whereas numbers of spoilage microorganisms that may reduce feed hygiene decreased considerably. However, the pH of the barley did not differ among farms. Storage stability in airtight stored barley may thus be the result of low oxygen tension, viz. airtight storage, and competition for nutrients by the microorganisms, rather than formation of lactic acid. At harvest, Enterococcus caccae dominated the LAB Population in five barleys and Lactobacillus fermentum at the remaining two. The dominant yeast species were Aureobasidium pullulans, Cryptococcus wieringae, Kazachstania aerobia and Rhodotorula glutinis. After storage, L fermentum was dominant among the LAB. The yeast species composition was highly diverse and differed among barleys. Among others, C. wieringae, Debaryomyces hansenii, K. aerobia, R. glutinis and Sporobolomyces ruberrimus were detected. This Study shows that the microbial population in airtight stored moist barley is highly diverse and not predictable. Thus, it may be necessary to influence the microbial population in the storage system by adding a starter culture.
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| 22. |
- Olstorpe, Matilda, et al.
(author)
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Pichia anomala yeast improves feed hygiene during storage of moist crimped barley grain under Swedish farm conditions
- 2010
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In: Animal Feed Science and Technology. - Amsterdam, Netherlands : Elsevier BV. - 0377-8401 .- 1873-2216. ; 156, s. 47-56
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Preservation of moist crimped cereal grain is made feasible through fermentation by lactic acid bacteria. Climatic variations make it difficult to harvest at moisture contents (0.30-0.45g/g) to support optimal fermentation under practical conditions. Therefore, the yeast, Pichia anomala J121, previously found to prevent mould spoilage and improve preservation of moist grain in malfunctioning airtight silos, was added to moist crimped cereal grain stored in large plastic tubes. Freshly harvested barley grain was crimped and inoculated with P. anomala (105 colony-forming units/g grain). Due to the local weather conditions, harvest was delayed and moisture content in the cereal grain had decreased to 0.16-0.18g/g. P. anomala was inoculated into three batches of barley, each comprising 16tonnes packed into large plastic tubes. Three additional sets of plastic tubes were packed with cereal grain without addition of P. anomala. The grain tubes were left closed for 5 months, after which feeding to cattle commenced. In both the P. anomala inoculated and the control barley, the population diversity of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was very high over the duration of storage. However, the dominant LAB shifted over the course of storage to Pediococcus pentosaceus and Lactobacillus paracasei, in inoculated and control barley, respectively. The yeast population in the inoculated barley was totally dominated by P. anomala during the entire storage period. In the control grain, the yeast population was more diverse, displaying shifts in the dominant species during storage. Pichia burtonii was the dominant species at the last sampling occasion. In P. anomala inoculated barley, numbers of naturally occurring moulds were reduced by about two log units, and the number of Enterobacteriaceae was reduced to below detection.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Flysjö, A., et al.
(author)
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How does co-product handling affect the carbon footprint of milk? Case study of milk production in New Zealand and Sweden
- 2011
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In: International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1614-7502 .- 0948-3349. ; 16:5, s. 420-430
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Purpose This paper investigates different methodologies of handling co-products in life cycle assessment (LCA) or carbon footprint (CF) studies. Co-product handling can have a significant effect on final LCA/CF results, and although there are guidelines on the preferred order for different methods for handling co-products, no agreed understanding on applicable methods is available. In the present study, the greenhouse gases (GHG) associated with the production of 1 kg of energy-corrected milk (ECM) at farm gate is investigated considering co-product handling. Materials and methods Two different milk production systems were used as case studies in the investigation of the effect of applying different methodologies in coproduct handling: (1) outdoor grazing system in New Zealand and (2) mainly indoor housing system with a pronounced share of concentrate feed in Sweden. Since the cows produce milk, meat (when slaughtered), calves, manure, hides, etc., the environmental burden (here GHG emissions) must be distributed between these outputs (in the present study no emissions are attributed to hides specifically, or to manure which is recycled on-farm). Different methodologically approaches, (1) system expansion (two cases), (2) physical causality allocation, (3) economic allocation, (4) protein allocation and (5) mass allocation, are applied in the study. Results and discussion The results show large differences in the final CF number depending on which methodology has been used for accounting co-products. Most evident is that system expansion gives a lower CF for milk than allocation methods. System expansion resulted in 63- 76% of GHG emissions attributed directly to milk, while allocation resulted in 85-98%. It is stressed that meat is an important by-product from milk production and that milk and beef production is closely interlinked and therefore needs to be considered in an integrated approach. Conclusions To obtain valid LCA/CF numbers for milk, it is crucial to account for by-products. Moreover, if CF numbers for milk need to be compared, the same allocation procedure should be applied. © 2011 Springer-Verlag.
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| 25. |
- Flysjö, A., et al.
(author)
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The impact of various parameters on the carbon footprint of milk production in New Zealand and Sweden
- 2011
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In: Agricultural Systems. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-2267 .- 0308-521X. ; 104:6, s. 459-469
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The carbon footprint (CF) of milk production was analysed at the farm gate for two contrasting production systems; an outdoor pasture grazing system in New Zealand (NZ) and a mainly indoor housing system with pronounced use of concentrate feed in Sweden (SE). The method used is based on the conceptual framework of lifecycle assessment (LCA), but only for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. National average data were used to model the dairy system in each country. Collection of inventory data and calculations of emissions were harmonised to the greatest extent possible for the two systems. The calculated CF for 1kg of energy corrected milk (ECM), including related by-products (surplus calves and culled cows), was 1.00kg carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e) for NZ and 1.16kg CO2e for SE. Methane from enteric fermentation and nitrous oxide emissions from application of nitrogen (as fertiliser and as excreta dropped directly on the field) were the main contributors to the CF in both countries. The most important parameters to consider when calculating the GHG emissions were dry matter intake (DMI), emission factor (EF) for methane from enteric fermentation, amount of nitrogen applied and EF for direct nitrous oxide emissions from soils. By changing one parameter at a time within 'reasonable' limits (i.e. no extreme values assumed), the impact on the total CF was assessed and showed changes of up to 15%. In addition, the uncertainty in CF estimates due to uncertainty in EF for methane from enteric fermentation and nitrous oxide emissions (from soil and due to ammonia volatilisation) were analysed through Monte Carlo simulation. This resulted in an uncertainty distribution corresponding to 0.60-1.52kg CO2e kg-1 ECM for NZ and 0.83-1.56kg CO2e kg-1 ECM for SE (in the prediction interval 2.5-97.5%). Hence, the variation within the systems based on the main EF is relatively large compared with the difference in CF between the countries. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
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| 26. |
- Mattsson, Eskil, 1981, et al.
(author)
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What is good about Sri Lankan homegardens with regards to food security? A synthesis of the current scientific knowledge of a multifunctional land-use system
- 2018
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In: Agroforestry Systems. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0167-4366 .- 1572-9680. ; 92:6, s. 1469-1484
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Recently, there has been growing interest in agroforestry systems due to their great potential to mitigate threats to household food and nutrition security from soaring food prices but also as carbon sinks. In Sri Lanka, smallholder farms such as homegardens constitute a majority of Sri Lanka's total annual crop and timber production. Despite Sri Lankan homegardens being considered desirable and sustainable land-use systems, their role in food and nutrition security is not yet entirely understood. By synthesising scientific articles and grey literature we sought the link between food security and homegardens by quantifying their products or services and ascertaining whether food security characteristics are assessed as direct or indirect impacts. The results show that 27% of 92 identified articles directly quantified aspects that are relevant to food security. Another 51% of the articles quantified indirect aspects that have relevance for food security, including climate, soil, ecosystem services, structural and floristic diversity and economic aspects. Twenty-two percent of the articles were categorised as being qualitative or conceptual and contained no direct assessments or quantification of food security. The presence of significant merits from homegardens includes providing food security throughout the year at low-cost while sustaining numerous ecosystem services. This benefits particularly the poor farmers. However, many studies are descriptive and only provide location-specific information on single research focuses such as plant species, yield and management. There are few comparisons with crop land, forests or other production systems, and there is even less empirical evidence and quantification of the food security and other benefits. Seven areas where more scientific focus would be beneficial are identified. Homegardens are strong in national policies and to reach a greater level of efficiency within these activities our findings suggest more emphasis on a higher degree of inclusiveness of relevant stakeholders and long-term engagements with context specific guidance.
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| 27. |
- Orru, Anna Maria, 1976
(author)
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Extracting Urban Food Potential: design-based methods for digital and bodily cartography
- 2015
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In: Future of Food: Journal on Food, Agriculture and Society. - 2197-411X. ; 3:1, s. 48-62
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Sweden’s recent report on Urban Sustainable Development calls out a missing link between the urban design process and citizens. This paper investigates if engaging citizens as design agents by providing a platform for alternate participation can bridge this gap, through the transfer of spatial agency and new modes of critical cartography. To assess whether this is the case, the approaches are applied to Stockholm’s urban agriculture movement in a staged intervention. The aim of the intervention was to engage citizens in locating existing and potential places for growing food and in gathering information from these sites to inform design in urban agriculture. The design-based methodologies incorporated digital and bodily interfaces for this cartography to take place. The Urban CoMapper, a smartphone digital app, captured real-time perspectives through crowd-sourced mapping. In the bodily cartography, participant’s used their bodies to trace the site and reveal their sensorial perceptions. The data gathered from these approaches gave way to a mode of artistic research for exploring urban agriculture, along with inviting artists to be engaged in the dialogues. In sum, results showed that a combination of digital and bodily approaches was necessary for a critical cartography if we want to engage citizens holistically into the urban design process as spatial agents informing urban policy. Such methodologies formed a reflective interrogation and encouraged a new intimacy with nature, in this instance, one that can transform our urban conduct by questioning our eating habits: where we get our food from and how we eat it seasonally.
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| 28. |
- Daum, Thomas, 1990, et al.
(author)
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Times Have Changed: Using a Pictorial Smartphone App to Collect Time–Use Data in Rural Zambia
- 2019
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In: Field Methods. - 1525-822X .- 1552-3969. ; 31:1, s. 3-22
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- One challenge of collecting socioeconomic data, such as data on time-use, is recall biases. While time-use researchers have continuously developed new methods to make data collection more accurate and easy, these methods are difficult to use in developing countries, where study participants may have low literacy levels and no clock-based concepts of time. To contribute to the closing of this research gap, we developed a picture-based smartphone app called Time-Tracker that allows data recording in real time to avoid recall biases. We pilot tested the app in rural Zambia, collecting 2,790 data days. In this article, we compare the data recorded with the app to data collected with 24-hours recall questions. The results confirm the literature on recall biases, suggesting that using the app leads to valid results. We conclude that smartphone apps using visual tools provide new opportunities for researchers collecting socioeconomic data in developing countries.
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
- Olwig, Kenneth
(author)
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HEIDEGGER, LATOUR AND THE REIFICATION OF THINGS : THE INVERSION AND SPATIAL ENCLOSURE OF THE SUBSTANTIVE LANDSCAPE OF THINGS – THE LAKE DISTRICT CASE
- 2013
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In: Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0435-3684 .- 1468-0467. ; 95, s. 251-273
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- “Thing” has undergone reification, and it has done so together with its linguistic “conjoined twin” – “landscape”. Whereasthingonce was the name for meetings where people assembled to treat commonthings that matter, things, in the modern sense, have become physical objects (things as matter). Likewise, landscape's meaning has been reified from being a polity constituted by commonthingmeetings treating substantivethings that matter, to becoming a spatial assemblage of physicalthings as matter. To fully grasp the contemporary meaning of both things and landscape it is necessary to understand the way in which those meanings are the intertwined outcome of a process of revolutionary inversion, or turning inside–out, by which the meaning of things has been spatialized, enclosed, individualized, privatized, scaled and reified as a constituent of the mental and social landscape of modernity. The potentiality of the concept of thing lies, it will be argued, in its continued containment of older, subaltern meanings that can work to empower an alternative “non-modern” understanding of things along the lines of, but distinct from, Bruno Latour's notion ofDingpolitik, which will be termed “thingpolitics” here. This argument is analysed in relation to Martin Heidegger's concept of the “thing”, and exemplified by the mandate of the European Landscape Convention, and the modern planning usage of Landscape Character Assessment and Ecosystem Services, as applied to England's Lake District.
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| 31. |
- Jonsdottir, Rakel J., et al.
(author)
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Effects of nutrient loading and fertilization at planting on growth and nutrient status of Lutz spruce (Picea x lutzii) seedlings during the first growing season in Iceland
- 2013
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0282-7581 .- 1651-1891. ; 28:7, s. 631-641
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The low availability of nitrogen (N) is believed to be one of the major limiting factors of forest regeneration inIceland and frequently under Boreal conditions. Lutz spruce (Picea x lutzii Littl.) seedlings were nutrient loadedusing four fertilization regimes in the end of nursery rotation in autumn 2008 and planted in the following spring,with or without a single dose of fertilizer, on two treeless sites in N-Iceland with contrasting soil fertility.Measurements were made after one growing season. The highest loading level without additional field fertilizationincreased new needle mass by 122% and 152%, for the poor and more fertile site, respectively. The highest loadinglevel with field fertilization increased new needle mass equally, by 188% and 189%, for the poor and more fertilesite, respectively. Retranslocation of N, from old needles to current needles, increased with more loading.However, it was clear that nutrient loading could not replace field fertilization, as the seedlings generally showedan additive response to field fertilization and nutrient loading; doing both always gave the best results in seedlingperformance. As the study only covers field establishment during the first year, the long-term effect of nutrientloading of Lutz spruce cannot be predicted. However, it was concluded that loading might provide an additionalinput for faster plantation establishment during the first growing season after planting.
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| 32. |
- Egeskog, Andrea, 1981, et al.
(author)
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Actions and opinions of Brazilian farmers who shift to sugarcane : an interview-based assessment with discussion of implications for land-use change
- 2016
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In: Land use policy. - Kidlington : Elsevier. - 0264-8377 .- 1873-5754. ; 57, s. 594-604
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Sugarcane ethanol systems can deliver large greenhouse gas emissions savings if emissions associated with land-use change are kept low. This qualitative study documents and analyzes actions and opinions among Brazilian farmers who shift to sugarcane production. Semi-structured interviews were held with 28 actors associated with sugarcane production in three different regions: one traditional sugarcane region and two regions where sugarcane is currently expanding. Most farmers considered sugarcane a land diversification option with relatively low economic risk, although higher risk than their previous land use. Beef production was considered a low-risk option, but less profitable than sugarcane. In conjunction with converting part of their land to sugarcane, most farmers maintained and further intensified their previous agricultural activity, often beef production. Several farmers invested in expanded production in other regions with relatively low land prices. Very few farmers in the expansion regions shifted all their land from the former, less profitable, use to sugarcane. Very few farmers in this study had deforested any land in connection with changes made when shifting to sugarcane. The respondents understand "environmental friendliness" as compliance with the relevant legislation, especially the Brazilian Forest Act, which is also a requirement for delivering sugarcane to the mills. Indirect land-use change is not a concern for the interviewed farmers, and conversion of forests and other native vegetation into sugarcane plantations is uncontroversial if legal. We derive hypotheses regarding farmers' actions and opinions from our results. These hypotheses aim to contribute to better understanding of what takes place in conjunction with expansion of sugarcane and can, when tested further, be of use in developing, e.g., policies for iLUC-free biofuel production.
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| 33. |
- Mc Conville, Jennifer R, 1978, et al.
(author)
-
Closing the food loops: Guidelines and criteria for improving nutrient management
- 2015
-
In: Sustainability: Science, Practice, and Policy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1548-7733. ; 11:2, s. 33-43
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- As global consumption expands, the world is increasingly facing threats to resource availability and food security. To meet future food demands, agricultural resource efficiency needs to be optimized for both water and nutrients. Policy makers should start to radically rethink nutrient management across the entire food chain. Closing the food loop by recycling nutrients in food waste and excreta is an important way of limiting the use of mineral nutrients, as well as improving national and global food security. This article presents a framework for sustainable nutrient management and discusses the responsibility of four key stakeholder groups—agriculture, the food industry, consumers, and waste management—for achieving an effective food loop. In particular, we suggest a number of criteria, policy actions, and supporting strategies based on a cross-sectoral application of the waste hierarchy.
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| 34. |
- Van Lun, Michiel, et al.
(author)
-
Subunit Interface Dynamics in Hexadecameric Rubisco
- 2011
-
In: Journal of Molecular Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-2836 .- 1089-8638. ; 411:5, s. 1083-1098
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) plays an important role in the global carbon cycle as a hub for biomass. Rubisco catalyzes not only the carboxylation of RuBP with carbon dioxide but also a competing oxygenation reaction of RuBP with a negative impact on photosynthetic yield. The functional active site is built from two large (L) subunits that form a dimer. The octameric core of four L(2) dimers is held at each end by a cluster of four small (S) subunits, forming a hexadecamer. Each large subunit contacts more than one S subunit. These interactions exploit the dynamic flexibility of Rubisco, which we address in this study. Here, we describe seven different types of interfaces of hexadecameric Rubisco. We have analyzed these interfaces with respect to the size of the interface area and the number of polar interactions, including salt bridges and hydrogen bonds in a variety of Rubisco enzymes from different organisms and different kingdoms of life, including the Rubisco-like proteins. We have also performed molecular dynamics simulations of Rubisco from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and mutants thereof. From our computational analyses, we propose structural checkpoints of the S subunit to ensure the functionality and/or assembly of the Rubisco holoenzyme. These checkpoints appear to fine-tune the dynamics of the enzyme in a way that could influence enzyme performance.
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| 35. |
- Ahrné, Karin, et al.
(author)
-
Tillstånd och trender för arter och deras livsmiljöer – rödlistade arter i Sverige 2015
- 2015
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- 2015 års upplaga av den svenska rödlistan är den fjärde i ordningen. Den är baserad på IUCN:s rödlistningskriterier och revideras vart femte år. I rödlistan bedöms risken som enskilda arter av djur, växter och svampar löper att försvinna från Sverige. Bedömningen utförs av ArtDatabankens medarbetare i samverkan med över 100 externa experter, indelade i 14 expertkommittéer för olika organismgrupper. Under arbetet med 2015 års rödlista har tillstånd och trender bedömts för 21 600 arter och 1 318 lägre taxa (apomiktiska arter, underarter och varieteter), sammanlagt ca 22 900 taxa. Av de bedömda arterna klassificerades 2 029 som hotade (kategorierna CR, EN och VU) och 4 273 som rödlistade (inkluderar även kategorierna NT, RE och DD). Förhållandet mellan antalet rödlistade och antalet bedömda arter ar 19,8 %, vilket är ungefär samma värde som 2010 och 2005. I denna rapport jämförs antalet och andelen rödlistade arter mellan olika organismgrupper, biotoper, substrat och påverkansfaktorer. Texten ar indelad i en allmän del och åtta kapitel inriktade på olika landskapstyper. Landskapstyperna utgör en grov indelning av landets miljöer enligt följande kategorier: Skog, Jordbrukslandskap, Urbana miljöer, Fjäll, Våtmarker, Sötvatten, Havsstränder och Havsmiljöer. Skogen och jordbrukslandskapet är de artrikaste landskapstyperna med 1 800 respektive 1 400 arter som har en stark anknytning dit, och ytterligare flera hundra arter som förekommer där mer sporadiskt. De faktorer som påverkar flest rödlistade arter i Sverige är skogsavverkning och igenväxning, som båda utgör ett hot mot vardera ca 30 % av de rödlistade arterna. Avverkning minskar arealen av skog där naturliga strukturer och naturlig dynamik upprätthålls, och den orsakar därmed förlust av livsmiljöer. Igenväxning orsakas av ett antal faktorer, bland annat upphörande hävd (bete och slåtter), gödsling, trädplantering och brist på naturliga störningsregimer som t.ex. regelbundna översvämningar kring vattendrag och sjöar. Andra viktiga påverkansfaktorer är fiske, torrläggning av våtmarker, tillbakagång hos värdarter (främst alm och ask som drabbats av invasiva svampsjukdomar), klimatförändringar och konkurrens från invasiva arter. IUCN:s rödlisteindex beräknas för ett urval av de bedömda organismgrupperna. Rödlisteindex visar att skillnaderna mellan rödlistorna från 2000, 2005, 2010 och 2015 är små. Ett par undantag finns dock. Groddjur och stora däggdjur har fått en något förbättrad situation sedan 2000. Totalt förefaller det ändå som att trycket mot Sveriges artstock har förblivit relativt konstant under de senaste 15 åren.
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
- Blennow, Kristina, et al.
(author)
-
Forest Owners' Response to Climate Change : University Education Trumps Value Profile
- 2016
-
In: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 11:5
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Do forest owners’ levels of education or value profiles explain their responses to climate change? The cultural cognition thesis (CCT) has cast serious doubt on the familiar and often criticized "knowledge deficit" model, which says that laypeople are less concerned about climate change because they lack scientific knowledge. Advocates of CCT maintain that citizens with the highest degrees of scientific literacy and numeracy are not the most concerned about climate change. Rather, this is the group in which cultural polarization is greatest, and thus individuals with more limited scientific literacy and numeracy are more concerned about climate change under certain circumstances than those with higher scientific literacy and numeracy. The CCT predicts that cultural and other values will trump the positive effects of education on some forest owners' attitudes to climate change. Here, using survey data collected in 2010 from 766 private forest owners in Sweden and Germany, we provide the first evidence that perceptions of climate change risk are uncorrelated with, or sometimes positively correlated with, education level and can be explained without reference to cultural or other values. We conclude that the recent claim that advanced scientific literacy and numeracy polarizes perceptions of climate change risk is unsupported by the forest owner data. In neither of the two countries was university education found to reduce the perception of risk from climate change. Indeed in most cases university education increased the perception of risk. Even more importantly, the effect of university education was not dependent on the individuals' value profile.
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| 39. |
- Nicewonger, Todd, 1974
(author)
-
Boundary Objects Revisited: A Comparative Analysis of World Making in Avant-Garde Fashion Design and Animal Husbandry
- 2015
-
In: Mind, Culture and Activity. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1074-9039 .- 1532-7884. ; 22:2, s. 152-167
-
Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Drawing on Susan Leigh Star’s conceptualization of boundary objects as a corpus of actions through which an imaginary context for doing social work emerges, this article examines how two seem- ingly disparate sites of cultural production can be comparatively brought into conversation with one another. These sites include specific expert communities where actors within the fields of fashion design and livestock husbandry both evaluate and theorize new social possibilities. By attending to how these practices unfold through an experimental rendering of expertise this article employs the notion of a boundary object to comparatively analyzing the speculative practices of these two sites.
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
- Vitalis Pemunta, Ngambouk, 1973, et al.
(author)
-
Modern State Law: Regulating Tradition or Protecting the Environment in the Mankon Kingdom of Northwest Cameroon?
- 2019
-
In: Endemic Species. Eusebio Cano Carmona (red.). - London, United Kingdom : Intechopen. - 9781839623547
-
Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Most African countries including Cameroon find themselves in a situation of legal pluralism and at crossroads with implications for the sustainable management of natural resources. Traditional institutions and knowledge systems have been hailed as invaluable mechanisms for the conservation of flora and fauna. This chapter examines the conflict between traditional institutions and State law in the hierarchically stratified Mankon Kingdom of the Grassfield region of Northwest Cameroon where the latter prohibits the harvesting of culturally valuable plant and animal species for myriad ritual ceremonies and for therapeutic purposes. It demonstrates that the lack of cultural sensitivity can be antithetical to conservation initiatives. In other words, there is the need to align current legislative regulations for the management of natural species with the traditional use of territory, gender roles as well as to raise the cultural and educational level of the population through sensitization on the need to conserve the natural environment on which their culture depends for its survival.
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| 42. |
- Kulišić, Biljana, et al.
(author)
-
Attractive Systems for Bioenergy Feedstock Production in Sustainably Managed Landscapes– Contributions to the Call
- 2019
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Task 43 launched an initiative to identify attractive examples of landscape management and design for bioenergy and the bioeconomy. The aim of this initiative to catalogue and highlight world-wide examples of biomass production systems, throughout all stages of production, that can contribute positively to biodiversity and the generation of other ecosystem services. Information about biomass production systems and their impacts, as well as information about governance and policy initiatives that encourage adoptions of solutions leading to positive outcomes are welcomed. The goal of this initiative is to compile innovative examples as a means of showcasing how the production of biomass for bioenergy can generate positive impacts in agriculture and forestry landscapes. These examples are also meant to serve as sources of inspiration that other biomass producers can use to enhance the sustainability of their own activities. All contributions that are within scope and meet the set quality requirement are included in this Report. Selected contributions will be invited to submit a manuscript for a Special Collection in the peer review journal WIREs Energy and Environment, published by Wiley.
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| 43. |
- Baumann, Henrikke, 1964, et al.
(author)
-
One, two, three, many! or…? Mapping of the controversy over the Swedish West Coast shrimp
- 2016
-
In: 22nd International Sustainable Development Research Society Conference.
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- 'Controversy mapping' can provide insights about issues related to actors, their networking, and governance where the interpretation of science is at stake. In turn, these insights can be useful for advocacy processes and collective problem-solving. In order to illustrate this statement a case study was conducted for the North Sea prawn (Pandalus borealis) in the West Coast of Sweden which was the main subject of a controversy that started in 2014 and ended in October 2015 with a Marine Stewardship Council labeling for the contested prawn. We used a method from the scientific humanities, 'controversy mapping', following the methodology suggested by Venturini (2010) and Latour (2012). The method enabled us to trace statements, literatures, and actors involved in the shrimp controversy. By assembling these elements over time, we were able to describe the process of the controversy and identify the networks that 'wrestled' over the scientific interpretation of the (same) data on shrimp population size along the Swedish West Coast. By using network visualisation and analysis software, the case study shows the extension of the network of actors that were part of the controversy, their roles, influence, perspectives and relationships. The material gathered on the controversy was subsequently analysed from the perspective of the production and consumption system of the shrimp. It shows how advocacy actors build alliances with selected product chain actors in order to gather momentum for change. Based on the findings from this research it is possible to suggest that controversy study can help the product chain actors understand their production and consumption system better and provide a basis for product chain roundtables for conflict resolution and problem solving. Latour, Bruno. “Mapping controversies: syllabus 2012 -13.” MediaLab. Science Po. Retrieved from www.medialab-dev.sciences-po.fr October 15, 2015. Venturini, Tommaso. “Diving in magma: How to explore controversies with actor-network theory.” Public understanding of science 19.3 (2010): 258-273
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| 44. |
- Bernesson, Sven, et al.
(author)
-
Svensk spannmålsbaserad drank : Alternativa sätt att tillvarata dess ekonomiska, energi- och miljömässiga potential
- 2011
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Spannmålsdrank används huvudsakligen till utfodring. Den kan utfodras antingen i blöt form (8,5-28 % ts), eller i torr form (90 % ts). Vanligen utfodras nötkreatur och grisar med drank, men även andra djurslag inom jordbruket kan utfodras. Dranken kan även användas som biogasråvara, bränsle eller som organiskt gödselmedel. Efter jäsningen återstår spannmålens smältbara protein i dranken (primärdrank) i huvudsakligen oförändrad form, medan nästan all stärkelse gått bort. Dranken blir därför ett proteinfoder. Då även fiberpolysackarider (cellulosa och hemicellulosa) återstår i denna drank, och dessa med annan processteknik kan brytas ner till jäsbara sockerarter och jäsas till etanol, och den drank som då återstår, s.k. sekundärdrank, kan användas i liknande tillämpningar som normal (primär) drank, studeras även detta i det här projektet. En nackdel med denna teknik är att en del av aminosyrorna i drankens protein bryts ner. I de ekonomiska beräkningarna och livscykelanalyserna har det antagits att 50 % av lysinet och 20 % av metioninet brutits ner i denna sekundära drank. Arbetets syfte var att utvärdera hur spannmålsdrank kan användas i olika applikationer, samt att beräkna dess ekonomiska värde och produktionskostnader vid dessa användningar. Vidare att ta fram miljöbelastning såsom bl.a. emissioner av växthusgaser och energibehov för de olika användningarna vid produktion av etanol och drank. Dessutom att analysera betydelsen av att dranken behandlas med ytterligare en process, där en del av spannmålens cellulosa och hemicellulosa omvandlas till etanol, och sekundärdrank erhålles. Idisslare, som nötkreatur och får, kan utfodras med en stor del av proteinet i fodret som vetedrank. Protein från andra källor kan behövas för att den totala mängden protein ska bete sig på önskat sätt vid matsmältningen. Till grisar och fjäderfä kan drygt 10 %, respektive ca 10 %, av fodret bestå av vetedrank. Smågrisar är känsliga för fodrets smaklighet, och det är därför inte säkert att de alltid kan äta foder som innehåller vetedrank. Till fjäderfä kan man få begränsa inblandningen av drankprodukter i fodret om gödseln skulle bli blöt och kladdig. Till hästar kan ca 10 %, i bästa fall uppåt 20 %, av kraftfodret bestå av vetedrank om man ej drabbas av smaklighetsproblem. Spannmålsdrank kan eldas antingen blöt eller torkad beroende på eldningsutrustningen. Drank med ursprung i spannmål innehåller höga halter alkalimetaller, som ger en aska med låg smältpunkt, vilket gör att den troligen sintrar lätt. Höga halter av svavel och klor kan ge problem med korrosion. Mängden aska är ganska stor, ca 5 % av torrsubstansen. Det höga innehållet av kväve (ca 5 % av ts) gör att kväveoxidemissionerna sannolikt blir höga, och då i nivå med vad som erhållits vid eldning av rapsexpeller med ungefär samma kvävehalt, 2-3,6 gånger jämfört med kvävefattiga bränslen. Utnyttjas även en del av cellulosan och hemicellulosan för produktion av etanol (i en sekundär process), koncentreras de ämnen som ger problem vid eldningen, vilket ökar sannolikheten för problem. Dessutom blir askhalten högre, medan det totala värmevärdet minskar i takt med att cellulosa och hemicellulosa blir till etanol. Som gödselmedel innehåller drankens torrsubstans ca 5,7 % kväve, 0,8-1,5 % fosfor och 0,9- 1,9 % kalium. Beräkningar ger att sekundärdranks torrsubstans bör innehålla ca 7,4 % kväve, 1,0-2,0 % fosfor och 1,2-2,4 % kalium. Det organiskt bundna kvävet mineraliseras (frigörs) troligen långsamt såsom hos t.ex. rapsexpeller. Drank går bra att röta till biogas. Växtnäringen i rötad drank blir sannolikt mer växttillgänglig efter rötningen. Drank är ett kväverikt substrat som kan ge problem med hög halt av ammoniumkväve i biogasreaktorn. Detta gäller i högre utsträckning för sekundärdrank där näringsämnena koncentrerats då en del av cellulosan och hemicellulosan blivit till etanol. Utbytet i processen borde kunna bli 60-70 %, vid goda förhållanden kanske 80 %. Kostnadsberäkningar har gjorts där det ekonomiska värdet hos spannmålsdrank beräknats utifrån de ekonomiska värdena hos korn och sojamjöl (omsättbar energi och råprotein till nötkreatur och hästar eller lysin till grisar och fjäderfä eller metionin till fjäderfä) vid utfodring, skogsflis vid eldning (effektiva värmevärdet), kväve, fosfor och kalium vid användning som gödselmedel, samt försäljning av el och fjärrvärme från en större gårdsanläggning för biogas inklusive värdet av kväve, fosfor och kalium i rötresten vid rötning. Vid rötningen studerades fall med både 60 och 80 %:s utbyte, samt fall exklusive och inklusive rötningskostnaderna. Kostnaderna studerades för åren 2005-2010. Primärdrank fick högst värde vid användning som foder till fjäderfä (metionin) följt av: foder till hästar och nötkreatur, biogas (80 %) exkl. rötningskostnader, biogas (60 %) exkl. rötningskostnader, foder till fjäderfä (lysin) och grisar, gödselmedel, eldning för uppvärmning, biogas (80 %) inkl. rötningskostnader och sämst biogas (60 %) inkl. rötningskostnader. För sekundärdrank ändras ordningsföljden så foder till hästar och nötkreatur får högst värde följt av: foder till fjäderfä (metionin), biogas (80 %) exkl. rötningskostnader, biogas (60 %) exkl. rötningskostnader, gödselmedel, foder till fjäderfä (lysin) och grisar, biogas (80 %) inkl. rötningskostnader, eldning för uppvärmning och sämst biogas (60 %) inkl. rötningskostnader. Värdet för sekundärdrank är högre än för primärdrank vid alla användningar utom vid utfodring av grisar och fjäderfän (baserat på lysin eller metionin). Orsaken till det lägre värdet, som foder till grisar och fjäderfän, är att i sekundärprocessen för att utvinna 13 % mer etanol, bryts 50 % av lysinet och 20 % av metioninet ner. Världsmarknadspriserna på korn och sojamjöl har en stor inverkan på drankens värde, liksom utbyte m.m. från biogasanläggningen. Priserna på skogsflis och gödselmedel hade något mindre inverkan på resultatet då dessa produkter hade ett lägre värde från början. Livscykelanalyser har gjorts av produktionen av etanol med systemutvidgning, där dranken ersätter andra produkter beroende på dess användning. Följande produkter ersätts beroende av drankens användning: sojamjöl och korn vid utfodring (råprotein till nötkreatur och hästar; lysin till grisar och fjäderfä; metionin till fjäderfä); skogsflis vid eldning; konstgödsel NPK vid gödsling; vall till biogas och överskottskonstgödsel vid biogasråvara. För primärdrank blir, för global uppvärmning, ordningsföljden från lägst påverkan: fjäderfä (metionin), hästar och nötkreatur, fjäderfä och grisar (lysin), biogas (80 % och 60 %), gödselmedel och sämst eldning. Ordningsföljderna blir ungefär desamma för försurning och eutrofiering. För energiåtgång blir ordningsföljden från lägsta: biogas (80 % och 60 %), gödselmedel, eldning, fjäderfä (metionin), hästar och nötkreatur och sist fjäderfä (lysin) och grisar. För sekundärdrank blir, för global uppvärmning, ordningsföljden från lägst påverkan: hästar och nötkreatur, fjäderfä (metionin), biogas (80% och 60 %), grisar och fjäderfä (lysin), gödselmedel och sist eldning. För energiåtgång blir ordningsföljden från lägsta: biogas (80% och 60 %), hästar och nötkreatur, fjäderfä (metionin), gödselmedel, eldning, och sist grisar och fjäderfä (lysin). Produktionen av etanol och sekundärdrank ger lägst miljöbelastning då sekundärdranken blir foder till nötkreatur och hästar, samt används som biogasråvara. Vid de andra användningsområdena för dranken, ger produktionen av etanol och primärdrank lägst miljöbelastning. Energiåtgången för produktion av etanol och sekundärdrank blir, för samtliga användningsområden för dranken, högre än vid produktion av etanol och primärdrank. Orsaken till detta är att en energikrävande extra process tillkommer vid produktionen av etanol och sekundärdrank. Låter man istället biogasen, i det ovan beskrivna systemet, ersätta bensin direkt i lätta fordon, blir miljövinsten vad gäller växthusgaser större än i alla andra fall beroende på att ett fossilt bränsle ersätts direkt. Till skillnad från de andra studerade användningsområdena för dranken, blir primärdrank bättre än sekundärdrank då den har mer cellulosa och hemicellulosa kvar som kan bli till biogas. Även energivinsten visar upp ett liknande resultat som växthusgaserna. Energibalanser, som kan beskrivas som kvoten mellan utgående energi hos etanol och drank som effektivt värmevärde, och energiåtgången i alla steg för hela produktionskedjan, beräknades. Dessa innehåller alla steg från odlingen av höstvetet tills dess att det färdiga etanolbränslet är färdigt att tanka och dranken är transporterad till gården och då är färdig att utfodra. Dess värden har beräknats till 1,96 för etanol och primärdrank från en ordinär etanolprocess och 1,75 för etanol och sekundärdrank från en process som ger 13 % mer etanol från även en del av spannmålens cellulosa och hemicellulosa. Om dranken inte torkas förbättras dessa energibalanser till 2,84 respektive 2,22. Om halva arealen av vete, korn och rågvete (knappt 400 000 ha) används till etanol skulle knappt 600 000 ton primärdrank erhållas. Nuvarande djurbestånd kan konsumera ungefär två tredjedelar av denna, varav mjölkkorna en tredjedel och slaktsvinen knappt en sjättedel. Om även en del av spannmålens cellulosa och hemicellulosa används för etanolproduktion erhålls ca 470 000 ton sekundärdrank, av vilken nuvarande djurbestånd kan konsumera ca tre fjärdedelar, varav mjölkkorna knappt två femtedelar och slaktsvinen knappt en femtedel.
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| 45. |
- Björklund, Johanna, 1961-, et al.
(author)
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Assessing ecosystem services in perennial intercropping systems : participatory action research in Swedish modern agrofores
- 2014
-
In: Farming systems facing global challenges. - : IFSA Europe, Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. ; , s. 112-113, s. 1950-1959
-
Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The focus of this paper is on how to assess ecosystem services in complex agroforestry systems using a case of edible forest gardens. Benefits of doing these assessments in a participatory learning and action research (PLAR) context are elaborated, as well as difficulties and questions that this has raised. The PLAR group comprised farmers on 13 smallholdings, researchers and a facilitator, which through collaboration and participatory methods have developed a general design of a forest garden, 60 m2 in size and established it on all 13 participating farms. Important values of the work are that ecosystem services are related to specific local contexts and that methodology for multi-criteria assessments of the generation of ecosystem services on a farm scale are being developed. Farmers engaged in formulating research questions, development of field trial designs, sampling and analysis of results improves the relevance and quality of the research as well as advance the adoption of new knowledge.
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| 46. |
- Otero, Juana Camacho, 1979, et al.
(author)
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Unravelling the shrimp nets.
- 2016
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- 'Controversy mapping' can provide insights about issues related to actors, their networking, and governance where the interpretation of science is at stake. In turn, these insights can be useful for advocacy processes, collective problem-solving and decision-making. In order to explore the potential of controversy mapping, a case study was conducted for the North prawn (Pandalus borealis), which was the main subject of a controversy that started in 2014 on the West Coast of Sweden. A temporary stabilization in the controversy was reached in May 2016 when WWF endorsed the Marine Stewardship Council labeling for the also red-listed and red-lighted prawn. We used ‘controversy mapping’ from the scientific humanities, following the methodology suggested by Venturini (2010) and Latour (2012). The method allows to tracing of statements, literatures, and actors involved in a controversy. By assembling these elements, we described the process of the controversy and identify the networks that 'wrestled' over the scientific interpretation of the (same) data on population size for the Swedish West coast shrimp. Using network visualisation and analysis softwares, we map the extent of the actor networks in the controversy, and analyse the roles and influence of different actors. The material gathered was subsequently analysed through a life cycle lens in order to see how the controversy played out in the shrimp’s product chain organization. This shows advocacy actors seeking to enrol the consumption system in order to protect the shrimp, resulting in many reactions from production system actors. Based on the findings, we discuss implications for life cycle thinking and life cycle management of product chains. Among else, we suggest that controversy study can help product chain actors better understand their production and consumption system. This, in turn, may support shared conflict resolution and problem-solving, for example, in product chain roundtables.Latour, Bruno. “Mapping controversies: syllabus 2012 -13.” MediaLab. Science Po. Retrieved from www.medialab-dev.sciences-po.fr October 15, 2015.Venturini, Tommaso. “Diving in magma: How to explore controversies with actor-network theory.” Public understanding of science 19.3 (2010): 258-273
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| 47. |
- Westberg, Lotten, et al.
(author)
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Participate for Women's Sake? : A Gender Analysis of a Swedish Collaborative Environmental Management Project
- 2015
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In: Society & Natural Resources. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0894-1920 .- 1521-0723. ; 28:11, s. 1233-1248
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Collaborative approaches have become increasingly evident in policies governing environmental management. However, realizing these approaches has proven to be challenging. In this article we discuss why this is the case by using a gender-theoretical lens. By attending to prevailing norms of masculinity and femininity within Swedish environmental agencies, we gain understanding about what implications these norms have for working collaboratively. Our findings suggest that these organizations are gendered, leaving women administrators with lower status tasks, not in line with the traditional scientific expert roles valued in these organizations. The gender of administrators are thus both a cause and effect: The status of collaborative projects is low in the natural resource management organization, which leads to administrators having low status getting appointed these projects, which in turn reproduces the view of these projects as less important. Our findings contribute to the discussion on problems of realizing collaborative environmental policies.
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| 48. |
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| 49. |
- Eckersten, Henrik, et al.
(author)
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Framtida risker och hot mot svensk spannmåls- respektive mjölkproduktion : en analys av forskningsbehov för att bedöma risker
- 2015
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Vad är syftet med denna Riskanalys? Svensk spannmåls- och mjölkproduktion beror på många faktorer av vilka flera är så kallade biofysiska, dvs i allt väsentligt är de av naturvetenskaplig karaktär (t ex väder, sjukdomar mm). En del förändringar i dessa förutsättningar utgör hot. Vår studie avser att identifiera några av dessa hot och utvärdera, utifrån vetenskapligt testade metodiker, sannolikheten för att de orsakar en skada på produktionen. Detta kräver dock ett mycket omfattande arbete och i denna studie har vi därför begränsat oss till att (i) strukturera hur en vetenskapligt baserad riskanalys bör gå till, och (ii) göra ett antal preliminära riskanalyser för att (iii) identifiera kunskapsluckor som behöver forskas på för att analysen ska kunna antas vila på en vetenskaplig grund. Vad menar vi med Risk? Vi har definierat risk som sannolikheten att ett hot orsakar en viss negativ konsekvens för den skyddsvärda tillgången. Av dessa termer är kanske den sistnämnda den mest centrala. Vad är det vi vill skydda? Vi har valt ut två tillgångar, Sveriges nationella spannmåls- respektive mjölkproduktion och avser då den produktion som lämnar gården, eller används inom gården, och att de skyddas så att de förblir ungefär av den omfattningen de har i dagsläget. Hoten mot denna produktion har valts utifrån förslag från tidigare studier, workshop, tillgången på experter och att hoten ska vara av biofysisk karaktär. Vilket hot som verkligen utgör en stor risk vet vi ju dock inte förrän efter riskanalysen är utförd och valen av hot bygger därför på en preliminär uppskattning. Biofysisk karaktär innebär att vi främst analyserat naturvetenskapliga hot. Hoten orsakar effekter på produktionen i mätbara termer som sedan översätts till en mer abstrakt skala från ingen till extremt negativ konsekvens. Beroende på olika osäkerhetsfaktorer erhåller vi flera konsekvensvärden för ett givet hot, och fördelningen av dessa på konsekvensskalan utgör ett mått på sannolikheten. Risken anges alltså som ett förhållande mellan konsekvens och sannolikhet. Varför har vi gjort denna systemavgränsning? Riskanalysen har två huvudaktörer; riskhanteraren som definierar vad som ska anlyseras och analysfunktionen som utför analysen. Riskhanteraren är i vårt fall styrgruppen för SLUs forskningsprogram Framtidens lantbruk (FA, 2015) som har definierat typen av hot och de skyddsvärda tillgångarna som ska analyseras. Vi som utfört denna studie är analysfunktionen, och har alltså dessa definitioner som en utgångspunkt. Om vi ändå tillåter oss att spekulera kring valet av spannmåls- respektive mjölkproduktionen så kan det motiveras av SLU's nationella ansvar vad avser den vetenskapliga kompetensen inom de areella näringarna. Ett fokus på biofysiska hot motiveras av att dessa är potentiellt stora och växande, såsom t ex är fallet vad avser klimatförändringar. Riskanalyser av denna typ bildar centrala underlag för att formulera olika strategier, t ex angående livsmedelsförsörjning. Hur har arbetet gått till? Riskanalyserna har utförts för ett antal "krisscenarier"; fyra avseende hot mot spannmålsproduktionen (Radioaktivt-nedfall, Virus-i-spannmål, Herbicidresistens och Extremt-sommarväder) och tre avseende mjölkproduktionen (Leptospiros-utbrott, Foderimport-stopp och Värmebölja). Analysen tar sin utgångspunkt i ett omvärldsscenario som definierar de yttre förutsättningarna för vad som antas inträffa. Detta ligger till grund för att identifiera troliga hot mot produktionen och vilka åtgärder som förväntas vidtas. Vi har sedan utgått från att dessa hot och åtgärder verkligen har hänt när vi mha våra förklaringsmodeller bestämt effekterna på produktionen i termer av mätbara enheter ("metrics"; t ex procentuell minskning av lokal eller regional veteproduktion). Dessa effekter tolkas/integreras sedan till en konsekvens för, helst den nationella, men i realiteten främst den regionala produktionen i fem nivåer (ingen, liten, måttlig, stor respektive extrem). Osäkerheter i bedömningarna innebär att flera alternativa konsekvenser erhålls, för ett givet hot, och som ligger till grund för en sannolikhetsbedömning. Analyserna har gjorts av experter inom respektive hots vetenskapliga område, men som haft begränsade förutsättningar (av tidsskäl) att göra tillräckligt många bedömningar för att erhålla ett tillförlitligt mått på sannolikhetsfördelningen (osäkerheten). Istället har vi, vilket också är ett huvudsyfte med studien, huvudsakligen försökt identifiera de kunskapsluckor i förklaringsmodellerna som begränsat våra möjligheter att kunna göra vetenskapligt baserade bedömningar av effekterna (se vidare Appendix 3). Vad är resultatet? Vi har gjort vissa grova skattningar av sannolikheten trots det bristfälliga antalet bedömningar av konsekvenser. Om ett radioaktivt nedfall sker i en region får det extrema konsekvenser för dess spannmålsproduktion på regional nivå. Ett omfattande angrepp av jordburna virus orsakar en måttlig eller stor konsekvens. En utvecklad herbicidresistens hos ogräsen orsakar i huvudsak en liten till måttlig konsekvens. En extremt torr sommar kan ett år orsaka en stor konsekvens och ett annat år ingen alls. Likaledes orsakar en Regnig-sensommar i ca hälften av fallen ingen konsekvens, men för de resterande åren kan alla grader av konsekvenser uppstå på spannmålsproduktionen. För mjölkproduktionen orsakar samtliga tre hot (Leptospiros-utbrott, Foderimport-stopp och Värmebölja) en liten till måttlig konsekvens. Vad avser ett importsopp för foder är detta under förutsättning att olika åtgärdsprogram kombineras. Om fokus läggs på endast ett åtgärdsprogram ökar risken väsentligt. Dessa skattningar ska alltså inte betraktas som en vetenskapligt baserad analys i nuläget, utan demonstrerar främst exempel på resultat från sådana analyser. Skattningarna har hjälpt oss att identifiera vilka kunskaper vi saknar för att analyserna ska kunna betraktas som vetenskapligt baserade (se vidare Tabell 4.3a; sammanfattningar av respektive scenario finns i Resultatdelen). Analyserna har ibland också lett till att vi identifierat följdhändelser som faller utanför systemavgränsningen för vår studie och som andra studier har till uppgift att utreda. Många av de hot vi analyserat kan leda till betydande ekonomiska konsekvenser för enskilda företag, vilket i sin tur utgör hot mot produktionen. För denna analys krävs dock socioekonomiska analyser. Vi ser här också kopplingar mellan krisscenarier som är av biofysisk karaktär, t ex kan foder kontaminerat med radioaktivt cesium utgöra ett hot mot mjölkproduktionen. Vår studie har dock bara analyserat ett krisscenarios inverkan på antigen spannmåls- eller mjölkproduktionen.Vilka är de viktigaste slutsatserna? En central fråga är: Hur trovärdiga/säkra är dessa förutsägelser? Risk avser en förutsägelse om något som ännu inte hänt. Det första som behövs är alltså någon form av modell. Dessa modeller kan vara av olika sort i termer av vilken empirisk kunskap de använder för extrapolering (t ex funktioner, behandlingseffekter, mm), om de är objektiva och om de är transparenta. Alla modeller är osäkra i någon mening. Dock saknas i alla de fall vi undersökt mått på modellernas förutsägelseförmåga (med något enstaka undantag). En allmän slutsats blir att forskningen behöver inriktas mot att testa modellernas förutsägelseförmåga mot observationer för att kunna bidra till en vetenskapligt baserad riskanalys av spannmåls- respektive mjölkproduktionen. Detta innebär att experiment- och försöksupplägg behöver göras utifrån hypoteser (modeller) om hur de dynamiska förloppen beror på varierande förutsättningar och omgivningsförhållanden. T ex behöver de statistiska relationerna för hur Extremt-sommarväder påverkar spannmålsproduktionen, som används i vår studie, kompletteras med tester av grödmodeller som kan beakta flera vädervariablers samtida variationer i både tid och rum. För kunskapsluckor som är specifika för respektive hot, se Tabell 4.4Sammanfattningsvis behövs (i) fler förutsägelser av respektive potentiellt hots konsekvenser på produktionen, med modeller som har någon form av graderad tillförlitlighet, för att erhålla mått på osäkerheter. Dessutom behövs det (ii) tester av hypoteser för uppskalningar från kontrollerade experiment och försök (på en liten skala i tid och rum) till regional och nationell skala över flera år, och (iii) utveckling av metodiker för hur sannolikheter för hot, åtgärder respektive konsekvenser kan kombineras till en sannolikhetsfördelning som inbegriper bedömningsosäkerheter för alla dessa faktorer. Troligtvis behövs också att fler potentiella biofysiska hot analyseras. Hur går vi vidare? En mer fullständig riskanalys som inkluderar alla potentiellt stora hot mot produktionen, och samtidigt är vetenskapligt baserad, kräver att potentiella hot utreds kontinuerligt inom respektive produktionsrelaterat ämnesområde vid SLU. Detta kräver troligen att verksamheter som testar hypoteser för att förutsäga effekter av hot knyts nära den experimentella forskningen och experter inom respektive ämnesområde. Det krävs troligen också att en syntesverksamhet etableras på en ämnesövergripande nivå där metodiker kan standardardiseras, och olika hot och dess konsekvenser kan jämföras och kombineras. En sådan fungerande verksamhet behöver utvidga systemgränserna jämfört med vår studie, genom att sannolikheter för att hot uppkommer och att åtgärder faktiskt vidtas, också bedöms. Dessa sannolikheter behöver sedan integreras med sannolikheterna för konsekvenserna på produktionen. Därefter kan riskanalysen utökas till att inbegripa en mer a
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| 50. |
- Kimming, Marie, et al.
(author)
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Replacing fossil energy for organic milk production : potential biomass sources and greenhouse gas emission reductions
- 2015
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In: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 106, s. 400-407
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- There is a growing awareness of the climate impact of agricultural production, not least from cattle farms. Major sources of GHG emissions from milk production are enteric fermentation followed by fossil fuel use and manure/soil management systems. This study analyzes the potential to eliminate fossil fuel use from milk production farms in Sweden, by using residual farm resources of biomass to obtain self-sufficiency in fuel, heat and electricity. The change from a fossil-based energy system to a renewable system based on A) Biogas based on manure and straw and B) Biogas based on manure + RME were analyzed with consequential life cycle assessment (CLCA) methodology. Focus was energy use and GHG emissions and the functional unit was 1 kg of energy-corrected milk (ECM). The results show that organic milk producers can become self-sufficient in energy and reduce total GHG emissions from milk production by 46% in the Biogas system, or 32% in the Biogas + RME system compared to the Fossil system.
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