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- Elgán, Carina, 1962-, et al.
(author)
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Influence of smoking and oral contraceptives on bone mineral density and bone remodeling in young women : a 2-year study
- 2003
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In: Contraception. - : Elsevier. - 0010-7824 .- 1879-0518. ; 67:6, s. 439-447
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The objective of the study was to explore the influence of menstrual irregularities, oral contraceptives and smoking on bone mineral density (BMD) development and bone turnover with time. Healthy young women (n = 118) were divided into four categories: (a) women neither smoking nor using oral contraceptives; (b) women who were smokers; (c) women using oral contraceptives; (d) women who were smoking and using oral contraceptives. They responded to a validated questionnaire with 34 questions concerning lifestyle and the Sense of Coherence scale (SOC). BMD was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Deoxypyridinoline (DPD) was measured in urine. Data were analyzed by multiple linear regression analysis. Among smokers, BMD level decreased during a 2-year period and smoking was associated with a larger negative change in BMD. Use of oral contraceptives moderated the negative impact of smoking. Women using oral contraceptives at baseline and with regular bleeding induced by contraceptive pills had a significantly higher BMD at baseline and at follow-up. They also had lower SOC than women who had natural regular bleedings. Use of oral contraceptives in combination with smoking was linked to high alcohol consumption and higher frequency of self-reported body weight reduction, which reduced the negative BMD change in this category. DPD level and difference were strongly associated with estrogen influence. It is concluded that smokers without OCs had a negative BMD development and BMD in young women with irregular menstruations seems to be improved by OC.
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| 3. |
- Aneblom, Gunilla, et al.
(author)
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Women's voices about emergency contraceptive pills "over-the-counter" : a Swedish perspective
- 2002
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In: Contraception. - 0010-7824 .- 1879-0518. ; 66:5, s. 339-343
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study aimed to describe women’s experiences with the emergency contraceptive pill (ECP) as a prescription-free over-the-counter (OTC) product. Women (median age 24) who had bought ECP as an OTC product were interviewed in focus groups. Data were analyzed by content analysis. All participants appreciated the OTC availability. Timesaving aspects were seen as important benefits and pharmacies were seen as the right place to sell ECP. The media was the main source of information about OTC, probably due to the debates of the introduction of ECP as an OTC product in Sweden. All women discussed the mechanism of action. The women’s experiences of interacting with the pharmacists were both positive and negative. Inconsistencies in routines with regard to providing ECP and different attitudes toward use of ECP among the pharmacists, were identified. The women expected up-to-date information about ECP and the OTC availability from gynecologists and other health professionals.
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| 5. |
- Diczfalusy, E
(author)
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The contraceptive revolution
- 2000
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In: Contraception. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-7824. ; 61:1, s. 3-7
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)
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| 6. |
- Falk, G, et al.
(author)
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Young women requesting emergency contraception are, despite contraceptive counseling, a high risk group for new unintended pregnancies
- 2001
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In: Contraception. - 0010-7824 .- 1879-0518. ; 64:1, s. 23-27
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Since its introduction in Sweden in 1994, emergency contraception has become a welcome addition to the campaign against unwanted pregnancy. In addition to an unplanned pregnancy, unprotected sexual intercourse may also involve the risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases (STD). The aim of this study was to assess the short- and long-term risk of unintended pregnancy and to determine the frequency of chlamydia infections in women receiving emergency contraception. Between September 1998 and February 1999 young women aged 15-25 years had the opportunity to obtain emergency contraception (Yuzpe method) at a youth clinic in the city of Orebro where the opening hours were extended to include Saturdays and Sundays. A follow-up visit 3 weeks after treatment, which included contraceptive counseling, was offered to all participants. At both visits, a pregnancy test and a chlamydia test were performed, and the women completed a questionnaire. After the initial visit, the young women where monitored for new pregnancies during the following 12 months. One pregnancy occurred in the 134 young women who received emergency contraception during the study period. None of the women had a positive chlamydia test. Of those requesting emergency contraception, 54% did so because no contraception was used, 32% because of a ruptured condom, 11% because of missed oral contraceptives (OC), and 5% had mixed reasons. At long-term follow-up 1 year after the initial visit, 10 of the 134 young women had experienced an unplanned pregnancy that terminated in legal abortion in 9 women. All these women had either started and terminated OC or had never commenced the prescribed OC. Young women who request emergency contraception are, despite a planned follow-up with contraceptive counseling, a high risk group for new unintended pregnancies. In Sweden they do not seem to be a high risk group for STD.
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| 16. |
- Wreje, U, et al.
(author)
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Collagen metabolism markers as a reflection of bone and soft tissue turnover during the menstrual cycle and oral contraceptive use
- 2000
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In: Contraception. - 0010-7824 .- 1879-0518. ; 61:4, s. 265-270
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Two different groups of women, 23 healthy young adults and 13 women with chronic posterior pelvic pain, were studied before and during use of oral contraceptives (OC). Collagen metabolism markers-here, the amino-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen, the carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen, and the amino-terminal of procollagen type III-as well as hormones and other endocrine factors indicating the balance between androgen expression/anabolism and catabolism of the subjects (testosterone, sex-hormone binding globulin, and insulin-like growth factor I were measured. Type I procollagen, the carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen, and the amino-terminal of procollagen type III were all significantly decreased during OC use. These findings implicate OC use-induced changes in collagen type I and III turnover. A shift in the anabolic/catabolic balance was also recorded indicating a less anabolic situation during OC use.
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| 17. |
- Wreje, U., et al.
(author)
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Collagen metabolism markers as a reflection of bone and soft tissue turnover during the menstrual cycle and oral contraceptive use
- 2000
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In: Contraception. - : Elsevier. - 0010-7824 .- 1879-0518. ; 61:4, s. 265-270
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Two different groups of women, 23 healthy young adults and 13 women with chronic posterior pelvic pain, were studied before and during use of oral contraceptives (OC). Collagen metabolism markers-here, the amino terminal propeptide of type I procollagen, the carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen, and the amino-terminal of procollagen type III-as well as hormones and other endocrine factors indicating the balance between androgen expression/anabolism and catabolism of the subjects (testosterone, sex-hormone binding globulin, and insulin-like growth factor I were measured. Type I procollagen, the carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen, and the amino-terminal of procollagen type III were all significantly decreased during OC use. These findings implicate OC use-induced changes in collagen type I and III turnover. A shift in the anabolic/catabolic balance was also recorded indicating a less anabolic situation during OC use.
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| 20. |
- Gainer, Erin, et al.
(author)
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Bringing emergency contraception over the counter : experiences of nonprescription users in France, Norway, Sweden and Portugal.
- 2003
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In: Contraception. - 0010-7824 .- 1879-0518. ; 68:2, s. 117-24
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Emergency contraceptive pills are now available on a nonprescription basis in over 25 countries worldwide. In an effort to learn about women's experiences with this new means of emergency contraception (EC) service delivery, we conducted focus-group discussions with nonprescription EC users from France, Norway, Portugal and Sweden. Participants from these countries overwhelming supported pharmacy access to EC, explaining that pharmacy delivery facilitated rapid access to the method. Despite expressing mixed reviews of the counseling given by the providing pharmacists, participants reported that they knew how use the method safely and properly. Most indicated that the package insert was easy to understand and adequately answered the majority of their questions. Participants described the EC experience as a motivating factor that, in many cases, has led to more consistent use of regular contraceptive methods. These data are valuable to policy-makers and institutions interested in learning more about the safety and acceptability of nonprescription access to emergency contraceptive pills.
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| 21. |
- Larsson, Margareta, et al.
(author)
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Emergency contraceptive pills over-the-counter : a population-based survey of young Swedish women
- 2004
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In: Contraception. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-7824 .- 1879-0518. ; 69:4, s. 309-315
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- One year after emergency contraceptive pills (ECP) had become prescription-free, we sent a questionnaire to 800 randomly selected women in mid-Sweden. The aim was to investigate women's knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding the method. The response rate was 71% (n = 564). The majority of the women, 65%, would prefer to purchase ECP over-the-counter (OTC) in a pharmacy. Attitudes toward the method were predominantly positive, but one fourth (24%) had worries about side effects and one third (33%) considered ECP to be a kind of abortion. Logistic regression showed that correct knowledge of and positive attitudes toward ECP contributed to estimated future use of ECP. Although women favored the OTC option, persistent misunderstanding about ECP implies that routine information from gynecologists and health professionals as well as media campaigns is needed along with the deregulation in order to make ECP an accepted and properly used contraceptive method.
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| 23. |
- Suhonen, Satu, et al.
(author)
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Clinical performance of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system and oral contraceptives in young nulliparous women : A comparative study
- 2004
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In: Contraception. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-7824 .- 1879-0518. ; 69:5, s. 407-412
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This 1-year randomized study was carried out at family-planning clinics of two university hospitals to compare the safety and acceptability of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG IUS) and oral contraceptives (OCs) in young nulliparous women. The study population consisted of 200 women aged 18-25 years seeking contraception. Ninety-four women entered the LNG IUS group and 99 entered the OC group. Continuation rates, reasons leading to discontinuation, adverse events, menstrual questionnaires, subjective well-being and sexual behavior were evaluated. Nineteen women (20%) in the LNG IUS group discontinued the study during the 1-year observation period, and 27 discontinued (27%) in the OC group. The most common reason (31%) for discontinuation in the IUS group was pain. In the OC group, hormonal side effects were the predominant medical reason for study termination. The safety and acceptability of the LNG IUS for contraception was observed to be as good as with OCs, with a high continuation rate.
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