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1.	Abafe, Ovokeroye A., et al. (author) LC-MS/MS determination of antiretroviral drugs in influents and effluents from wastewater treatment plants in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa 2018 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 200, s. 660-670 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract South Africa has the largest occurrence of the human immune deficiency virus (HIV) in the world but has also implemented the largest antiretroviral (ARV) treatment programme. It was therefore of interest to determine the presence and concentrations of commonly used antiretroviral drugs (ARVDs) and, also, to determine the capabilities of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) for removing ARVDs. To this end, a surrogate standard based LC-MS/MS method was optimized and applied for the detection of thirteen ARVDs used in the treatment and management of HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in two major and one modular WWTP in the eThekwini Municipality in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The method was validated and the detection limits fell within the range of 2–20 ng L−1. The analytical recoveries for the ARVDs were mainly greater than 50% with acceptable relative standard deviations. The concentration values ranged from −1 (influent), −1 (effluent) in a decentralized wastewater treatment facility (DEWATS); −1 (influent), −1 (effluent) in Northern WWTP and 61–34000 ng L−1 (influent), −1 (effluent) in Phoenix WWTP. Whilst abacavir, lamivudine and zidovudine were almost completely removed from the effluents, atazanavir, efavirenz, lopinavir and nevirapine persisted in the effluents from all three WWTPs. To estimate the ecotoxicological risks associated with the discharge of ARVDs, a countrywide survey focussing on the occurrence of ARVDs in WWTPs, surface and fresh water bodies, and aquatic organisms, is necessary.
2.	Ahmadi, Hamid, et al. (author) Mass transfer of hydrophobic organic chemicals between siliconesheets and through plant leaves and low-density polyethylene 2016 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 164, s. 683-690 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Plant leaves play an important role in the fate of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) in theenvironment. Yet much remains unknown about the permeability of leaves by HOCs. In this pilot studywe measured (i) the kinetics of mass transfer of three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and sixpolychlorinated biphenyls between a spiked and an unspiked sheet of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) indirect contact with each other for 24 h and (ii) kinetics of mass transfer of two PAHs through leaves andlow-density polyethylene (LDPE) in a passive dosing experiment by inserting these matrices between thetwo sheets of PDMS for 48 h. The kinetics of mass transfer of ﬂuoranthene between PDMS sheets in directcontact were a factor of 12 slower than those reported in the literature. The kinetics of mass transfer ofﬂuorene and phenanthrene through leaves were within the range of those previously reported for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid through isolated cuticles. Our results provide a proof-of-concept demon-stration that the passive dosing method applied in this study can be used to measure the mass transfercoefﬁcients of organic chemicals through leaves. Key recommendations for future experiments are toload the PDMS at the highest feasible concentrations to avoid working at analyte levels close to the limitof detection, to keep the leaves moist and to minimize potential pathways for contamination of the PDMSsheets by exposure to laboratory air.
3.	Ahrens, Lutz (author) Characterization of polyurethane foam (PUF) and sorbent impregnated PUF (SIP) disk passive air samplers for measuring organophosphate flame retardants 2017 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 167, s. 212-219 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This study aimed to characterize the uptake of organophosphate esters (OPEs) by polyurethane foam (PUF) and sorbent-impregnated polyurethane foam (SIP) disk passive air samplers (PAS). Atmospheric OPE concentrations were monitored with high-volume active air samplers (HV-AAS) that were co-deployed with passive air samplers. Samples were analyzed for tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), tri(phenyl) phosphate (TPhP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), and tris(2,3-dichloropropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP). The mean concentration of Sigma OPES in air was 2650 pg/m(3) for the HV-AAS. Sampling rates and the passive sampler medium (PSM)-air partition coefficient (Kpsm-Air) were calculated for individual OPEs. The average calculated sampling rates (R) for the four OPEs were 3.6 +/- 1.2 and 4.2 +/- 2.0 m(3)/day for the PUF and SIP disks, respectively, and within the range of the recommended default value of 4 +/- 2 m(3)/day. Since most of the OPEs remained in the linear uptake phase during the study, COSMO-RS solvation theory and an oligomer-based model were used to estimate KpuF-Air for the OPEs. The estimated values of log KPUF-Air were 7.45 (TCIPP), 935 (TPhP), 8.44 (TCEP), and 9.67 (TDCIPP). Finally, four configurations of the PUF and SIP disks were tested by adjusting the distance of the gap opening between the upper and lower domes of the sampler housing: i.e. 2 cm, 1 cm, no gap and 1 cm overlap. The sampling rate did not differ significantly between these four configurations (p < 0.05). Crown Copyright (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
4.	Ahrens, Lutz, et al. (author) Poly- and perfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) in water, sediment and fish muscle tissue from Lake Tana, Ethiopia and implications for human exposure 2016 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 165, s. 352-357 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Lake Tana is Ethiopia's largest lake and there are plans to increase the harvest of fish from the lake. The objective of this study was to assess the levels of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in different compartments of the lake (water, sediment, and fish muscle tissue), and its implications for human exposure. The results showed higher PFAS concentrations in piscivorous fish species (Labeobarbus mega-stoma and Labeobarbus gorguari) than non-piscivorous species (Labeobarbus intermedius, Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus) and also spatial distribution similarities. The Sigma PFAS concentrations ranged from 0.073 to 5.6 ng L-1 (on average, 2.9 ng L-1) in surface water, 0.22-0.55 ng g(-1) dry weight (dw) (on average, 0.30 ng g(-1) dw) in surface sediment, and non-detected to 5.8 ng g(-1) wet weight (ww) (on average, 1.2 ng g(-1) ww) in all fish species. The relative risk (RR) indicates that the consumption of fish contaminated with perfiuorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) will likely not cause any harmful effects for the Ethiopian fish eating population. However, mixture toxicity of the sum of PFASs, individual fish consumption patterns and increasing fish consumption are important factors to consider in future risk assessments.
5.	Ahrens, Lutz, et al. (author) Stockholm Arlanda Airport as a source of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances to water, sediment and fish 2015 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 129, s. 33-38 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Fire training facilities are potential sources of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) to the nearby environment due to the usage of PFAS-containing aqueous fire-fighting foams (AFFFs). The multimedia distribution of perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs), perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs), perfluorooctanesulfonamide (PFOSA) and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (FFSA) was investigated near a fire training facility at Stockholm Arlanda Airport in Sweden. The whole body burden of PFASs in European perch (Perca fluviatilis) was 334 +/- 80 mu g absolute and was distributed as follows: Gonad > liver approximate to muscle > blood > gill. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) and sediment/water partition coefficient (K-d) increased by 0.6-1.7 and 0.2-0.5 log units, respectively, for each additional CF2 moiety for PFCAs and PFSAs. PFAS concentrations in water showed no significant decreasing trend between 2009 and 2013 (p > 0.05), which indicates that Stockholm Arlanda Airport may be an important source for long-term contamination of the nearby environment with PFASs. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
6.	Al-Naamani, Laila, et al. (author) Chitosan-zinc oxide nanocomposite coatings for the prevention of marine biofouling 2017 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 168, s. 408-417 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Marine biofouling is a worldwide problem affecting maritime industries. Global concerns about the high toxicity of antifouling paints have highlighted the need to develop less toxic antifouling coatings. Chitosan is a natural polymer with antimicrobial, antifungal and antialgal properties that is obtained from partial deacetylation of crustacean waste. In the present study, nanocomposite chitosan-zinc oxide (chitosan-ZnO) nanoparticle hybrid coatings were developed and their antifouling activity was tested. Chitosan-ZnO nanoparticle coatings showed anti-diatom activity against Navicula sp. and antibacterial activity against the marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas nigrifaciens. Additional antifouling properties of the coatings were investigated in a mesocosm study using tanks containing natural sea water under controlled laboratory conditions. Each week for four weeks, biofilm was removed and analysed by flow cytometry to estimate total bacterial densities on the coated substrates. Chitosan-ZnO hybrid coatings led to better inhibition of bacterial growth in comparison to chitosan coatings alone, as determined by flow cytometry. This study demonstrates the antifouling potential of chitosan-ZnO nanocomposite hybrid coatings, which can be used for the prevention of biofouling. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
7.	Anbalagan, Anbarasan, et al. (author) Influence of iron precipitated condition and light intensity on microalgae activated sludge based wastewater remediation 2017 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; , s. 1523-1530 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The indigenous microalgae-activated sludge (MAAS) process during remediation of municipal wastewater was investigated by studying the influence of iron flocculation step and light intensity. In addition, availability of total phosphorous (P) and photosynthetic activity was examined in fed-batch and batch mode under northern climatic conditions and limited lighting. This was followed by a semi-continuous operation with 4 d of hydraulic retention time and mean cell residence time of 6.75 d in a photo-bioreactor (PBR) with varying P availability. The fed-batch condition showed that P concentrations of 3–4 mg L−1 were effective for photosynthetic chl. a development in iron flocculated conditions. In the PBR, the oxygen evolution rate increased with increase in the concentration of MAAS (from 258 to 573 mg TSS L−1) at higher surface photosynthetic active radiation (250 and 500 μmol m−2 s−1). Additionally, the rate approached a saturation phase at low MAAS (110 mg L−1) with higher light intensities. Semi-continuous operation with luxury P uptake and effective P condition showed stable average total nitrogen removal of 88 and 92% respectively, with residual concentrations of 3.77 and 2.21 mg L−1. The corresponding average P removal was 68 and 59% with residual concentrations of 2.32 and 1.75 mg L−1. The semi-continuous operation produced a rapidly settleable MAAS under iron flocculated condition with a settling velocity of 92–106 m h−1 and sludge volume index of 31–43 ml g−1 in the studied cases.
8.	Apler, Anna, 1980-, et al. (author) Distribution and dispersal of metals in contaminated fibrous sediments of industrial origin 2019 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 215, s. 470-481 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Industrial emissions can impact aquatic environments and unregulated discharges from pulp and paper factories have resulted in deposits of cellulose fiber along the Swedish coast. These deposits are contaminated by metals, but due to their unique fibrous character the extent of sorption and dispersal of the metals is unclear. Fibrous sediments were sampled at two sites in the Ångermanälven river estuary, Sweden. The partitioning of metals between the sediment, pore water and bottom water was investigated and the degree of bioavailability was evaluated. The levels of metals in the sediment were high in fibrous or offshore samples, depending on the metal, whereas the levels of dissolved metals in pore water were low or below the limit of quantification. Partition coefficients (KD) showed that sorption to the sediment was stronger at one of the fibrous sites, possibly related to the type and size of organic matter. Undisturbed bottom water samples contained low levels of both dissolved and particle bound metals, but when comparing measured metal concentrations to threshold values of ecological status and ecotoxicological assessment criteria, both sediments and bottom water may be detrimental to living organisms. In-situ re-suspension experiments showed that the concentrations of particle bound metals increased whereas the dissolved concentrations decreased. The analyzed metals are probably retained by the solid phases of the fibrous sediment or adsorbed to particles in the water, reducing their bioavailability.
9.	Assefa, Anteneh, et al. (author) Sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans to Baltic Sea herring 2019 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 218, s. 493-500 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in herring (Clupea harengus) remain high in several parts of the Baltic Sea, despite declines in PCDD/F emissions since the 1980s. The reasons behind this are not well understood. This study applied a statistical modeling approach where sources of PCDD/Fs that contaminate Baltic biota were quantitatively assessed by analyzing existing datasets. PCDD/F patterns were extracted from a herring dataset using positive matrix factorization (PMF). The extracted biota patterns were transformed into sediment patterns using fish-to-sediment transformation factors, and the resulting patterns were compared with known source PCDD/F patterns. The model distinguished three model patterns, which explained 85% of the data. These patterns were matched to tetra-chlorophenol (TCP), penta-chlorophenol/atmospheric background (PCP/AB), and thermal source patterns, respectively. The thermal source was the largest contributor to toxic equivalents (TEQ) in herring, but the level decreased from 42 ± 9.0 pg TEQ g−1 lipid weight (lw) before year 2000 (pre-2000) to 15 ± 2.4 pg TEQ g−1 lw post-2000, i.e., a decline of around one-third in the original TEQ concentration. The contribution of TCP more than doubled, from 2.1 ± 0.62 pg TEQ g−1 lw to 5.6 ± 1.1 pg TEQ g−1 lw, and the relative contribution of PCP/AB also increased. These increasing trends suggest that, as primary air emissions of PCDD/Fs are managed and levels decline, the impact of TCP and PCP/AB sources on Baltic Sea biota will become more important over time and that PCDD/F-contaminated sites in coastal areas and marine environments require more attention.
10.	Augustsson, Anna, et al. (author) High metal reactivity and environmental risks at a site contaminated by glass waste 2016 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 154, s. 434-443 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This study addresses the reactivity and risks of metals (Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, As and Sb) at a Swedish site with large glass waste deposits. Old glassworks sites typically have high total metal concentrations, but as the metals are mainly bound within the glass waste and considered relatively inert, environmental investigations at these kinds of sites are limited. In this study, soil and landfill samples were subjected to a sequential chemical extraction procedure. Data from batch leaching tests and groundwater upstream and downstream of the waste deposits were also interpreted. The sequential extraction revealed that metals in <2 mm soil/waste samples were largely associated with geochemically active fractions, indicating that metals are released from pristine glass and subsequently largely retained in the surrounding soil and/or on secondary mineral coatings on fine glass particles. From the approximately 12,000 m(3) of coarse glass waste at the site, almost 4000 kg of Pb is estimated to have been lost through corrosion, which, however, corresponds to only a small portion of the total amount of Pb in the waste. Metal sorption within the waste deposits or in underlying soil layers is supported by fairly low metal concentrations in groundwater. However, elevated concentrations in downstream groundwater and in leachates of batch leaching tests were observed for several metals, indicating on-going leaching. Taken together, the high metal concentrations in geochemically active forms and the high amounts of as yet uncorroded metal-rich glass, indicate considerable risks to human health and the environment.
11.	Avagyan, Rozanna, et al. (author) Suspect screening of OH-PAHs and non-target screening of other organic compounds in wood smoke particles using HR-Orbitrap-MS 2016 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 163, s. 313-321 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Wood combustion has been shown to contribute significantly to emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, compounds with toxic and carcinogenic properties. However, only a small number of hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have been determined in particles from wood combustion, usually compounds with available reference standards. In this present study, suspect and non-target screening strategies were applied to characterize the wood smoke particles from four different wood types and two combustion conditions with respect to hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other organic compounds. In the suspect screening, 32 peaks corresponding to 12 monohydroxylated masses were tentatively identified by elemental composition assignments and matching of isotopic pattern and fragments. More than one structure was suggested for most of the measured masses. Statistical analysis was performed on the non-target screening data in order to single out significant peaks having intensities that depend on the wood type and/or combustion condition. Significant peaks were found in both negative and positive ionization modes, with unique peaks for each wood type and combustion condition, as well as a combination of both factors. Furthermore, structural elucidation of some peaks was done by comparing the spectra in the samples with spectra found in the spectral databases. Six compounds were tentatively identified in positive ionization mode, and 19 in negative ionization mode. The results in this present study demonstrate that there are significant overall differences in the chemistry of wood smoke particles that depends on both the wood type and the combustion condition used.
12.	Baduel, Christine, et al. (author) Discovery of novel per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) at a fire fighting training ground and preliminary investigation of their fate and mobility 2017 In: Chemosphere. - Oxford, UK : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 185, s. 1030-1038 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Aqueous film forming foams (AFFFs) have been released at fire training facilities for several decades resulting in the contamination of soil and groundwater by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). AFFF compositions are proprietary and may contain a broad range of PFASs for which the chemical structures and degradation products are not known. In this study, high resolution quadrupole-time-of flight tandem mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS/MS) in combination with data processing using filtering strategies was applied to characterize and elucidate the PFASs present in concrete extracts collected at a fire training ground after the historical use of various AFFF formulations. Twelve different fluorochemical classes, representing more than 60 chemicals, were detected and identified in the concrete extracts. Novel PFASs homologues, unmonitored before in environmental samples such as chlorinated PFSAs, ketone PFSAs, dichlorinated PFSAs and perfluoroalkane sulphonamides (FASAs) were detected in soil samples collected in the vicinity of the fire training ground. Their detection in the soil cores (from 0 to 2 m) give an insight on the potential mobility of these newly identified PFASs.
13.	Beijer, Kristina, et al. (author) Removal of pharmaceuticals and unspecified contaminants in sewage treatment effluents by activated carbon filtration and ozonation : Evaluation using biomarker responses and chemical analysis 2017 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 176, s. 342-351 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Traces of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and other chemicals are demonstrated in effluents from sewage treatment plants (STPs) and they may affect quality of surface water and eventually drinking water. Treatment of effluents with granular activated carbon (GAC) or ozone to improve removal of APIs and other contaminants was evaluated at two Swedish STPs, Kappala and Uppsala (88 and 103 APIs analyzed). Biomarker responses in rainbow trout exposed to regular and additionally treated effluents were determined. GAC and ozone treatment removed 87-95% of the total concentrations of APIs detected. In Kappala, GAC removed 20 and ozonation (7 g O-3/m(3)) 21 of 24 APIs detected in regular effluent. In Uppsala, GAC removed 25 and ozonation (5.4 g O-3/m(3)) 15 of 25 APIs detected in effluent. GAC and ozonation also reduced biomarker responses caused by unidentified pollutants in STP effluent water. Elevated ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity in gills was observed in fish exposed to effluent in both STPs. Gene expression analysis carried out in Kappala showed increased concentrations of cytochrome P450 (CYP1A5 and CYP1C3) transcripts in gills and of CYP1As in liver of fish exposed to effluent. In fish exposed to GAC- or ozone-treated effluent water, gill EROD activity and expression of CYP1As and CYP1C3 in gills and liver were generally equal to or below levels in fish held in tap water. The joint application of chemical analysis and sensitive biomarkers proved useful for evaluating contaminant removal in STPs with new technologies.
14.	Bejgarn, Sofia, et al. (author) Toxicity of leachate from weathering plastics : An exploratory screening study with Nitocra spinipes 2015 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 132, s. 114-119 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Between 60% and 80% of all marine litter is plastic. Leachate from plastics has previously been shown to cause acute toxicity in the freshwater species Daphnia magna. Here, we present an initial screening of the marine environmental hazard properties of leachates from weathering plastics to the marine harpacticoid copepod [Crustacea] Nitocra spinipes. Twenty-one plastic products made of different polymeric materials were leached and irradiated with artificial sunlight. Eight of the twenty-one plastics (38%) produced leachates that caused acute toxicity. Differences in toxicity were seen for different plastic products, and depending on the duration of irradiation. There was no consistent trend in how toxicity of leachate from plastics changed as a function of irradiation time. Leachate from four plastics became significantly more toxic after irradiation, two became significantly less toxic and two did not change significantly. Analysis of leachates from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) by liquid chromatography coupled to a full-scan high-resolution mass spectrometer showed that the leachates were a mixture of substances, but did not show evidence of degradation of the polymer backbone. This screening study demonstrates that leachates from different plastics differ in toxicity to N. spinipes and that the toxicity varies under simulated weathering.
15.	Benisek, Martin, et al. (author) Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds in composts and digestates from European countries as determined by the in vitro bioassay and chemical analysis 2015 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 122, s. 168-175 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Aerobic composting and anaerobic digestion plays an important role in reduction of organic waste by transforming the waste into humus, which is an excellent soil conditioner. However, applications of chemical-contaminated composts on soils may have unwanted consequences such as accumulation of persistent compounds and their transfer into food chains. The present study investigated burden of composts and digestates collected in 16 European countries (88 samples) by the compounds causing dioxin-like effects as determined by use of an in vitro transactivation assay to quantify total concentrations of aryl hydrocarbon receptor-(AhR) mediated potency. Measured concentrations of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibeno-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) equivalents (TEQ(bio)) were compared to concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and selected chlorinated compounds, including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs), co-planar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), indicator PCB congeners and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). Median concentrations of TEQ(bio), (dioxin-like compounds) determined by the in vitro assay in crude extracts of various types of composts ranged from 0.05 to 1.2 with a maximum 8.22 mu g (TEQ(bio)) kg(-1) dry mass. Potencies were mostly associated with less persistent compounds such as PAHs because treatment with sulfuric acid removed bioactivity from most samples. The pan-European investigation of contamination by organic contaminants showed generally good quality of the composts, the majority of which were in compliance with conservative limits applied in some countries. Results demonstrate performance and added value of rapid, inexpensive, effect-based monitoring, and points out the need to derive corresponding effect-based trigger values for the risk assessment of complex contaminated matrices such as composts.
16.	Bever, Candace S., et al. (author) Effects of triclosan in breast milk on the infant fecal microbiome 2018 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 203, s. 467-473 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Triclosan is frequently used for its antimicrobial properties and has been detected in human serum, urine, and breast milk. Animal and molecular studies have shown that triclosan exerts a wide range of adverse health effects at both high (ppm) and low (ppb) concentrations. Since triclosan is of growing concern to human and environmental health, there is a need to improve extraction procedures and to study additional effects from triclosan exposure. In this study, we have improved triclosan extraction from breast milk by using salt (MgSO4) to reduce emulsion formation and increase water polarity and water (similar to 80%) to enhance the overall extraction efficiency (similar to 3.5 fold). This extraction method was applied to breast milk samples collected from donors who i) recorded their use of triclosan-containing personal care products and ii) provided matching infant stool samples. Of the participants who had detectable amounts of triclosan in their breast milk, nine (75%) of them reported daily use of triclosan-containing personal care products. Levels of triclosan in breast milk were compared to the donor's infant's fecal microbiome. We found that the bacterial diversity in the fecal microbiome of the infants exposed to breast milk with detectable triclosan levels differed compared to their peers exposed to milk containing non-detectable amounts. This finding implies that exogenous chemicals are impacting microbiome diversity.
17.	Bidleman, Terry F., et al. (author) Breakthrough during air sampling with polyurethane foam : What do PUF 2/PUF 1 ratios mean? 2018 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 192, s. 267-271 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Frontal chromatography theory is applied to describe movement of gaseous semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) through a column of polyurethane foam (PUF). Collected mass fractions (FC) are predicted for sample volume/breakthrough volume ratios (τ = VS/VB) up to 6.0 and PUF bed theoretical plate numbers (N) from 2 to 16. The predictions assume constant air concentrations and temperatures. Extension of the calculations is done to relate the collection efficiency of a 2-PUF train (FC1+2) to the PUF 2/PUF 1 ratio. FC1+2 exceeds 0.9 for PUF 2/PUF 1 ≤ 0.5 and lengths of PUF commonly used in air samplers. As the PUF 2/PUF 1 ratio approaches unity, confidence in these predictions is limited by the analytical ability to distinguish residues on the two PUFs. Field data should not be arbitrarily discarded because some analytes broke through to the backup PUF trap. The fractional collection efficiencies can be used to estimate air concentrations from quantities retained on the PUF trap when sampling is not quantitative.
18.	Bidleman, Terry F., et al. (author) Field estimates of polyurethane foam : air partition coefficients for hexachlorobenzene, alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane and bromoanisoles 2016 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 159, s. 126-131 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Partition coefficients of gaseous semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) between polyurethane foam (PUF) and air (KPA) are needed in the estimation of sampling rates for PUF disk passive air samplers. We determined KPA in field experiments by conducting long-term (24-48 h) air sampling to saturate PUF traps and shorter runs (2-4 h) to measure air concentrations. Sampling events were done at daily mean temperatures ranging from 1.9 to 17.5 °C. Target compounds were hexachlorobenzene (HCB), alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH), 2,4-dibromoanisole (2,4-DiBA) and 2,4,6-tribromoanisole (2,4,6-TriBA). KPA (mL g(-1)) was calculated from quantities on the PUF traps at saturation (ng g(-1)) divided by air concentrations (ng mL(-1)). Enthalpies of PUF-to-air transfer (ΔHPA, kJ mol(-1)) were determined from the slopes of log KPA/mL g(-1) versus 1/T(K) for HCB and the bromoanisoles, KPA of α-HCH was measured only at 14.3 to 17.5 °C and ΔHPA was not determined. Experimental log KPA/mL g(-1) at 15 °C were HCB = 7.37; α-HCH = 8.08; 2,4-DiBA = 7.26 and 2,4,6-TriBA = 7.26. Experimental log KPA/mL g(-1) were compared with predictions based on an octanol-air partition coefficient (log KOA) model (Shoeib and Harner, 2002a) and a polyparameter linear free relationship (pp-LFER) model (Kamprad and Goss, 2007) using different sets of solute parameters. Predicted KP values varied by factors of 3 to over 30, depending on the compound and the model. Such discrepancies provide incentive for experimental measurements of KPA for other SVOCs.
19.	Bjermo, Helena, et al. (author) Serum levels of brominated flame retardants (BFRs : PBDE, HBCD) and influence of dietary factors in a population-based study on Swedish adults 2017 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 167, s. 485-491 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The aim of this study was to investigate associations between serum concentrations of brominated flame retardants and personal characteristics, including diet, in adults participating in a population-based study in Sweden 2010-11. Moreover, observed concentrations were used in a health risk assessment, using published health-based reference values. Serum samples of 170 adult individuals of both sexes were analyzed for 10 PBDE congeners and HBCD by GC-MS. When including concentrations between LOD and LOQ, highest median serum concentration was observed for BDE-153 (1.2 ng/g serum lipid), followed by BDE-209 (0.95 ng/g lipid), BDE-47 (0.49 ng/g lipid) and BDE-100 (0.21 ng/g lipid). Median concentration of HBCD was 0.10 ng/g lipid. A few markedly elevated concentrations of BDE-209, HBCD (77-78 ng/g lipid) and BDE-47 (44 ng/g lipid) were observed. The only statistical significant findings were higher BDE-153 concentrations in men than in women, and positive associations between serum BDE-153 concentrations and consumption of fish (total), beef, mutton and poultry. PBDE concentrations were in accordance with concentrations reported in other European countries but generally lower than those found in North America. Median PBDE serum concentrations observed in adults from Sweden suggest sufficient health protection, when compared with published health-based reference values, although some outliers with high serum concentrations had lower safety margins.
20.	Bjurlid, Filip, 1978-, et al. (author) Occurrence of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in pilot whales (Globicephala melas) caught around the Faroe Islands 2018 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 195, s. 11-20 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Blubber from Faroese pilot whales (Globicephala melas) was analysed for brominated dioxins PBDD/Fs, with a subset also analysed for chlorinated dioxins, PCDD/Fs. The studied individuals were restricted to juvenile male whales sampled in the Faroe Islands during the period 1997–2013. Among the PBDD/Fs, the furans were predominant, although the relative abundance of various congeners differed between samples. Furans accounted for, on average, 79% of the ∑PBDD/Fs in the samples, with 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpBDF the most abundant congener, found in half of the analysed pilot whales. The concentration range for ∑PBDD/Fs among the samples was 0.080–71 pg/g l.w. (lipid weight), and the sum of toxic equivalents ranged from 0.0039 to 4.7 pg TEQ/g l.w. No relationship was found between PBDD/Fs and PCDD/Fs. In addition, 20 pilot whale samples from the period 2010–2013 were analysed for PBDEs. Several PBDE congeners were found in all of the sampled pilot whales, and at noticeably higher levels than PBDD/Fs and PCDD/Fs. The ∑PBDEs ranged from 140 to 1900 ng/g l.w., with BDE #47 the most abundant congener detected in the samples. Results from the present study were then compared with data from previous studies on pilot wales to investigate temporal trends between 1986 and 2013. The comparison indicated that PBDE concentrations in juvenile males have decreased from 1996 to the latest observations in 2013. No relationship between the concentration levels of PBDD/Fs and PBDEs in the sampled pilot whales could be identified, which indicates possible differences in the metabolism of, or exposure to, PBDEs and PBDD/Fs.
21.	Björnsdotter, Maria, 1989-, et al. (author) Bisphenol A and replacements in thermal paper : A review 2017 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 182, s. 691-706 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Thermal paper contains potentially toxic compounds such as bisphenol A (BPA), which is used as a color developer. BPA has been reported in thermal paper in concentrations up to 42,600 Kg g(-1). The exposure to BPA via dermal transfer has been recently discussed as a significant contribution to the overall human exposure and the estimated daily intake (EDI) has been reported up to 218 mu g d(-1). BPA has been also detected in recycled paper with concentrations up to 46 n g(-1). Due to the fact that BPA is a known endocrine disruptor and migrates from materials, regulatory restrictions have been established to prevent risks for the human health. As a consequence, structural analogues, such as bisphenol S (BPS) have been introduced into the market. Little is known about the presence and toxicity of these emerging replacements, and concern has risen about them. The present review gives an overview of the occurrence and levels of BPA and replacements in thermal paper. BPA is still the most common color developer found in thermal paper, followed by BPS. The analytical methods used for quantification of BPA and BPA replacements in paper products are also reviewed. BPA is transferred from thermal paper products to the finger pads upon handling it. Paper-skin transfer followed by penetration of BPA depends on conditions (e.g. greasiness of fingers and use of hand cream). It is, however, still debated whether thermal paper as a source for human exposure contributes significantly to the overall internal BPA exposure.
22.	Blum, Kristin M., 1989-, et al. (author) Mass fluxes per capita of organic contaminants from on-site sewage treatment facilities 2018 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; :201, s. 864-873 Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract This study is the first attempt to quantify environmental fluxes per capita of organic contaminants discharged from on-site sewage treatment facilities (OSSFs) in affected recipients. Five sites were monitored around the River Fyris in Sweden: three mainly affected by OSSFs and two mainly affected by municipal sewage treatment plants (STPs). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to determine environmental concentrations of 30 anthropogenic contaminants, including organophosphorus compounds, rubber and plastic additives, UV stabilizers, fragrances, surfactant ingredients and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Uni- and multivariate statistical analysis of the most frequently detected contaminants showed that median fluxes per capita of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, and n-butylbenzene sulfonamide were similar at OSSF and STP sites, but the mass fluxes per capita of tris-(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate, 2-(methylthio)benzothiazole, and galaxolide, were significantly lower (~2 to 3-fold) at OSSF sites than at STP sites (Mann-Whitney, α = 0.05). Differences between these sites were larger in samples collected in summer and autumn than in samples collected in winter. Deviations likely originated from differences in treatment technology and distances between source and sampling sites. Further studies are needed to characterize mass fluxes per capita of contaminants in waters that directly receive discharges from OSSFs.
23.	Blum, Kristin M., et al. (author) Removal of 30 active pharmaceutical ingredients in surface water under long-term artificial UV irradiation 2017 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 176, s. 175-182 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This study investigated the i) kinetics, and ii) proportion of photolysis of 30 relatively stable active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) during artificial UV irradiation for 28 d in ammonium acetate buffer, filtered and unfiltered river water. Buffer was included to control removal kinetics under stable pH conditions and without particulate matter. Dark controls were used to determine removal due to other processes than photolysis and calculate the proportion of photolysis of the total removal. The removal of each API in each matrix was determined using online solid phase extraction/liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (online SPE/LC-MS/MS). Most APIs transformed during the 28 d of UV irradiation and the dark controls showed that photolysis was the major removal process for the majority of the APIs studied. The half-lives ranged from 6 h (amitriptyline) in unfiltered river water to 884 h (37 d, carbamazepine) in buffer. In unfiltered river water, the proportion of APIs with short half-lives (<48 h) was much higher (29%) than in the other matrices (4%), probably due to additional organic carbon, which could have promoted indirect photolysis. Furthermore, two APIs, memantine and fluconazole, were stable in all three matrices, while alprazolam was stable in buffer and unfiltered river water and four additional APIs were stable in buffer. Considering the relatively long-term UV-exposure, this study enabled the investigation of environmentally relevant half-lives in natural waters. Many APIs showed high persistence, which is environmentally concerning and emphasizes the importance of further studies on their environmental fate and effects.
24.	Brits, Martin, et al. (author) Critical review of the analysis of brominated flame retardants and their environmental levels in Africa 2016 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 164, s. 174-189 Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract World-wide, the prevalence of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) is well documented for routine analysis of environmental and biological matrices. There is, however, limited information on these compounds in the African environment and insufficient information on the analytical approaches used to obtain data. This paper presents a review on BFR levels in the African environment and the various analytical methodologies specifically applied in Africa for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated biphenyls and alternative-BFRs. The analyses include liquid sample preparation using liquid-liquid and solid phase extraction and solid sample preparation involving Soxhlet extraction, with ultrasound-assisted extraction increasingly being applied. Instrumental detection techniques were limited to gas chromatography coupled with electron capture detector and electron impact ionisation with single quadrupole mass spectrometers. Information on congener profile prevalence in indoor dust, soil, aquatic environment (water, sediment, and aquatic organisms), eggs, wastewater treatment plant compartments, landfills (leachate and sediment) and breast milk are presented. Although PBDEs were inconsistently detected, contamination was reported for all investigated matrices in the African environment. The manifestation in remote regions indicates the ubiquitous prevalence and long-range transport of these compounds. Levels in sediment, and breast milk from some African countries were higher than reported for Asia and Europe. Due to limited data or non-detection of alternative-BFRs, it is unclear whether banned formulations were replaced in Africa. Most of the data reported for BFR levels in Africa were obtained in non-African laboratories or in South Africa and formed the basis for our discussion of reported contamination levels and related methodologies.
25.	Bundschuh, Mirco (author) Wastewater treatment plant effluents as source of cosmetic polyethylene microbeads to freshwater 2017 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 188, s. 25-31 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Microplastics in the environment are either a product of the fractionation of larger plastic items or a consequence of the release of microbeads, which are ingredients of cosmetics, through wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents. The aim of this study was to estimate the amount of microbeads that may be released by the latter pathways to surface waters using Ljubljana, Slovenia as a case study. For this purpose, microbeads contained in cosmetics were in a first step characterized for their physical properties and particle size distribution. Subsequently, daily emission of microbeads from consumers to the sewerage system, their fate in biological WWTPs and finally their release into surface waters were estimated for Ljubljana. Most of the particles found in cosmetic products were <100 mu m. After application, microbeads are released into sewerage system at an average rate of 15.2 mg per person per day. Experiments using a lab-scale sequencing batch biological WWTP confirmed that on average 52% of microbeads are captured in activated sludge. Particle size analyses of the influent and effluent confirmed that smaller particles (up to 60-70 mu m) are captured within activated sludge while bigger particles were detected in the effluent. Applying these data to the situation in Ljubljana indicates that about 112,500,000 particles may daily be released into the receiving river, resulting in a microbeads concentration of 21 particles/m(3). Since polyethylene particles cannot be degraded and thus likely accumulate, the data raise concerns about potential effects in aquatic ecosystems in future. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
26.	Burkina, Viktoriia, et al. (author) Does dexamethasone affect hepatic CYP450 system of fish? Semi-static in-vivo experiment on juvenile rainbow trout 2015 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 139, s. 155-162 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Effects of aquatic pollutants on fish are of increasing concern. Pharmaceutical-based contaminants are prioritized for further study in environmental risk assessment using several approaches. Dexamethasone (DEX) was one such contaminant recognised for its effect on fish health status. Thus, we carried out an in vivo experiment to identify potential effects of DEX on rainbow trout. Fish were exposed to 3, 30, 300 and 3000 ng L-1 DEX in a semi-static system over a period of 42 d. The concentrations of DEX that fish were exposed to was confirmed by LC-LC-MS/MS. Using hepatic microsomes, we determined cytochrome P450 content, activities of ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), p-nitrophenol hydroxylase (PNPH), 7-benzyloxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin O-debenzylase (BFCOD) and benzyloxyquinoline O-debenzylase (BQOD), as well as protein expression. Our results showed that fish do not change the catalytic activity of CYP450-mediated reactions after high DEX concentration exposure. These results disagree with mammalian studies, where DEX is a well-known inducer of CYP450. We showed a significant effect of DEX exposure on CYP450-mediated reactions (EROD, BCFOD, BQOD and PNPH) when expressed as amount of product formed per min per nmol total CYP450 at 3, 30 and 300 ng L-1 after 21 d exposure. Moreover, BFCOD and BQ activities showed matching trends in all groups. Western blot analysis showed induction of CYP3A-like protein in the presence of the lowest environmentally relevant concentration of DEX. Based on these findings, continued investigation of the effect of DEX on fish using a battery of complementary biomarkers of exposure and effect is highly relevant. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
27.	Burkina, Viktoriia, et al. (author) Effect of human pharmaceuticals common to aquatic environments on hepatic CYP1A and CYP3A-like activities in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): An in vitro study 2018 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 205, s. 380-386 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This study examined the ability of several human pharmaceuticals to modulate hepatic piscine CYP-mediated monooxygenase activities. Effects of six pharmaceuticals: diclofenac, sulfamethoxazole, tramadol, carbamazepine, venlafaxine and nefazodone, were investigated in vitro in rainbow trout hepatic microsomes. The reactions of 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and benzyloxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin-O-debenzyloxylase (BFCOD), were used as markers for hepatic CYP1A and CYP3A-like activities, respectively. Our results showed that EROD and BFCOD activities were both affected by nefazodone. Nefazodone inhibited EROD in a dose dependent manner and was found to be a potent non-competitive inhibitor of EROD with a K-i value of 6.6 mu M. BFCOD activity was inhibited noncompetitively in the presence of nefazadone with K-i value of 30.7 mu M. BFCOD activity was slightly reduced only by the highest concentration of carbamazepine. Diclofenac, sulfamethoxazole, tramadol, and venlafaxine did not affect the activity of either EROD or BFCOD. We further exposed microsomal fraction to mixtures of six pharmaceuticals to investigate potential inhibition. The results showed that EROD and BFCOD activity was inhibited on 94% and 80%, respectively at higher tested concentration. To our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate an inhibitory effect of nefazodone on hepatic CYP1A and CYP3A-like proteins in rainbow trout. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
28.	Burkina, Viktoriia, et al. (author) In vitro effects of diosmin, naringenin, quercetin and indole-3-carbinol on fish hepatic CYP1A1 in the presence of clotrimazole and dexamethasone 2018 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 192, s. 105-112 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Phytochemicals are widely present in fruits, vegetables and other plants and have great health benefits owing to their antioxidant properties. They are naturally found in the aquatic environment as well as discharged from sewage treatment plants after their large consumption. Little is known about their impact on fish; particularly in light of their interactions with pharmaceuticals. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the effects of diosmin, naringenin, quercetin and idole-3-carbinol on CYP1A-dependent 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity on rainbow trout hepatic microsomes in the presence of two pharmaceuticals: clotrimazole and dexamethasone. The interactions between the phytochemicals and pharmaceuticals used in this study were determined using a combination index. Hepatic microsomes were exposed to two concentrations (1-or 50 mu M) of phytochemicals and pharmaceuticals separately and in combinations. Singly, clotrimazole inhibited EROD activity 40% and 90% of control, while dexamethasone did not. Naringenin and diosmin inhibited EROD activity alone up to 90% and 55% respectively, but activities were further inhibited in the presence of either pharmaceutical. The preliminary study of combinations of clotrimazole with phytochemicals primarily showed synergistic effects. While EROD activity was not inhibited in the presence of quercetin or indole-3-carbinol, significant and synergistic inhibition was detected when either of these was combined with clotrimazole or dexamethasone. (c) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
29.	Calado Botelho, Salomé, et al. (author) Complement activation is involved in the hepatic injury caused by high-dose exposure of mice to perfluorooctanoic acid 2015 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 129:SI, s. 225-231 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract High-dose exposure of mice to perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) induces both hepatotoxicity and immunotoxicity. Here, we characterized the effects of TO-day dietary treatment with PFOA (0.002-0.02%, w/w) on the liver and complement system of male C57BL/6 mice. At all four doses, this compound caused hepatomegaly and reduced the serum level of triglycerides (an indicator for activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR alpha)). At the highest dose (0.02%, w/w), this hepatomegaly was associated with the hepatic injury, as reflected in increased activity of alanine aminotranferase (ALAT) in the serum, severe hepatocyte hypertrophy and hepatocellular necrosis. PFOA-induced hepatic injury was associated with in vivo activation of the complement system as indicated by (i) significant attenuation of the serum activities of both the classical and alternative pathways; (ii) a marked reduction in the serum level of the complement factor 0; and (iii) deposition of the complement factor C3 fragment (C3a) in the hepatic parenchyma. PFOA did not activate the alternative pathway of complement in vitro. At doses lower than 0.02%, PFOA induced hepatocyte hypertrophy without causing liver injury or activating complement. These results reveal substantial involvement of activation of complement in the pathogenesis of PFOA-induced hepatotoxicity.
30.	Calderon, Blanca, et al. (author) Study of the presence of PCDDs/PCDFs on zero-valent iron nanoparticles 2017 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 169, s. 361-368 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Studies show that nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) particles enhance the formation of chlorinated compounds such as polychlorinated dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) during thermal processes. However, it is unclear whether nZVI acts as a catalyst for the formation of these compounds or contains impurities, such as PCDD/Fs, within its structure. We analyzed the presence of PCDD/Fs in nZVI particles synthesized through various production methods to elucidate this uncertainty. None of the 2,3,7,8-substituted congeners were found in the commercially-produced nZVI, but they were present in the laboratory synthesized nZVI produced through the borohydride method, particularly in particles synthesized from iron (III) chloride rather than from iron sulfate. Total PCDD/F WHO-TEQ concentrations of up to 35 pg/g were observed in nZVI particles, with hepta-and octa-chlorinated congeners being the most abundant. The reagents used in the borohydride method were also analyzed, and our findings suggest that FeCl3 effectively contains PCDD/Fs at concentrations that could explain the concentrations observed in the nZVI product. Both FeCl3 and nZVI showed a similar PCDD/F patterns with slight differences. These results suggest that PCDD/Fs might transfer from FeCl3 to nZVI during the production method, and thus, care should be taken when employing certain nZVI for environmental remediation.
31.	Campos Pereira, H., et al. (author) Sorption of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) to an organic soil horizon – Effect of cation composition and pH 2018 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 207, s. 183-191 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Accurate prediction of the sorption of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in soils is essential for environmental risk assessment. We investigated the effect of solution pH and calculated soil organic matter (SOM) net charge on the sorption of 14 PFASs onto an organic soil as a function of pH and added concentrations of Al3+, Ca2+ and Na+. Often, the organic C-normalized partitioning coefficients (KOC) showed a negative relationship to both pH (Δlog KOC/ΔpH = −0.32 ± 0.11 log units) and the SOM bulk net negative charge (Δlog KOC = −1.41 ± 0.40 per log unit molc g−1). Moreover, perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs) sorbed more strongly than perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) and the PFAS sorption increased with increasing perfluorocarbon chain length with 0.60 and 0.83 log KOC units per CF2 moiety for C3–C10 PFCAs and C4, C6, and C8 PFSAs, respectively. The effects of cation treatment and SOM bulk net charge were evident for many PFASs with low to moderate sorption (C5–C8 PFCAs and C6 PFSA). However for the most strongly sorbing and most long-chained PFASs (C9–C11 and C13 PFCAs, C8 PFSA and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA)), smaller effects of cations were seen, and instead sorption was more strongly related to the pH value. This suggests that the most long-chained PFASs, similar to other hydrophobic organic compounds, are preferentially sorbed to the highly condensed domains of the humin fraction, while shorter-chained PFASs are bound to a larger extent to humic and fulvic acid, where cation effects are significant.
32.	Chen, Ping, et al. (author) Preliminary release inventories of unintentionally generated dl-PCB and HCB from sources in China : Base year 2015 2019 In: Chemosphere. - : Pergamon Press. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 219, s. 875-881 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This research presents release inventories of unintentionally generated dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCB) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB), which so far have not been developed or assessed. For the inventory development, the amended Toolkit methodology as developed for reporting under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, has been applied. Based on the activity rate (AR) obtained from various statistical yearbooks, reports, or scientific literature, and the emission factors (EFs) suited to each technology level, we estimated the preliminary release inventories of unintentionally produced dl-PCB and HCB from 36 source categories in China for the reference year 2015. The result showed that in 2015, 656 g TEQ of unintentionally produced dl-PCB and 2,145,504 g (or 2146 kg) of unintentionally generated HCB were released in China from these 36 source categories. Most of dl-PCB and HCB was released to air, 71% or 60%, respectively. For comparison and for the sources which could be estimated for all three unintentional POPs the total releases of PCDD/PCDF were 5695 g TEQ per year. Of these, 78% were released to air. For dl-PCB and HCB, the vast majority of the releases from the source group 7 Production and use of consumer goods - is found in the products and not in air. With respect to source attribution and releases to air, the source groups SG3 - Heat and power generation and SG2 - Ferrous and non-ferrous metal production dominate the air emission inventory. Due to the lack of EFs, the calculated releases to the water and land were not well covered, which overall results in an underestimation of the total releases for all unintentional POPs.For comparison, the release inventories from Japan and from several other countries that were developed using methodologies other than the UNEP Toolkit are presented as well.
33.	Chen, Yiqin, et al. (author) Persistent organic pollutants in matched breast milk and infant faeces samples 2015 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 118, s. 309-314 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Assessing blood concentration of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in infants is difficult due to the ethical and practical difficulties in obtaining sufficient quantities of blood. To determine whether measuring POPs in faeces might reflect blood concentration during infancy, we measured the concentrations of a range of POPs (i.e. polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs)) in a pilot study using matched breast milk and infant faecal samples obtained from ten mother-child pairs. All infants were breast fed, with 8 of them also receiving solid food at the time of faecal sampling. In this small dataset faecal concentrations (range 0.01-41 ng g(-1) lipid) are strongly associated with milk concentrations (range 0.02-230 ng g(-1) lipid). Associations with other factors generally could not be detected in this dataset, with the exception of a small effect of age or growth. Different sources (external or internal) of exposure appeared to directly influence faecal concentrations of different chemicals based on different inter-individual variability in the faeces-to-milk concentration ratio R-fm. Overall, the matrix of faeces as an external measure of internal exposure in infants looks promising for some chemicals and is worth assessing further in larger datasets.
34.	Cornelis, Geert, et al. (author) Solubility and transport of Cr(III) in a historically contaminated soil – Evidence of a rapidly reacting dimeric Cr(III) organic matter complex 2017 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 189, s. 709-716 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Chromium is a common soil contaminant and, although it has been studied widely, questions about its speciation and dissolutions kinetics remain unanswered. We combined information from an irrigation experiment performed with intact soil columns with data from batch experiments to evaluate solubility and mobilization mechanisms of Cr(III) in a historically contaminated soil (>65 years). Particulate and colloidal Cr(III) forms dominated transport in this soil, but their concentrations were independent of irrigation intensity (2-20 mm h(-1)). Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements indicated that Cr(III) associated with colloids and particles, and with the solid phase, mainly existed as dimeric hydrolyzed Cr(III) bound to natural organic matter. Dissolution kinetics of this species were fast (<= 1 day) at low pH (<3) and slightly slower (<= 5 days) at neutral pH. Furthermore, it proved possible to describe the solubility of the dimeric Cr(III) organic matter complex with a geochemical equilibrium model using only generic binding parameters, opening the way for use of geochemical models in risk assessments of Cr(III)-contaminated sites. (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
35.	Dahlberg, Anna-Karin, et al. (author) Anthropogenic and naturally produced brominated substances in Baltic herring (Clupea harengus membras) from two sites in the Baltic Sea 2016 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 144, s. 2408-2414 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract In the eutrophicated Baltic Sea, several naturally produced hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) have been found in marine biota. OH-PBDEs are toxic to adult and developing zebrafish and shown to be potent disruptors of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Disturbed OXPHOS can result in altered energy metabolism and weight loss. In herring, the concentration of OH-PBDEs (i.e. 2'-OH-BDE68 and 6-OH-BDE47) has increased during the period 1980-2010 in the Baltic Proper. Over the same time period, the condition and fat content in Baltic herring have decreased. Given the toxicity and increasing trends of OH-PBDEs in Baltic herring it is important to further assess the exposure to OH-PBDEs in Baltic herring. In this study, the concentrations of OH-PBDEs and related brominated substances i.e. polybrominated phenols (PBPs), polybrominated anisoles (PBAs), methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-PBDEs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in herring sampled in the northern Baltic Proper (Asko, n = 12) and the southern Bothnian Sea (Angskarsklubb, n = 12). The geometric mean (GM) concentrations (ng/g l.w.) at Asko and Angskarsklubb were; Sigma(2)PBPs: 4.3 and 9.6, Sigma 2PBAs: 34 and 20, Sigma 6OH-PBDEs: 9.4 and 10, Sigma 7MeO-PBDEs: 42 and 150, Sigma 6PBDEs: 54 and 27, respectively. 6-OH-BDE47 dominated the OH-PBDE profile and comprised 87% (Asko) and 91% (Angskarsklubb) of the Sigma OH-PBDEs. At Angskarsklubb the mean concentration of Sigma MeO-PBDEs (150 ng/g l.w.) was 15 times higher than Sigma OH-PBDEs. As other fish species are known to metabolically transform MeO-PBDEs to OH-PBDEs, high levels of MeO-PBDEs can be of concern as a precursor for more toxic OH-PBDEs in herring and their roe.
36.	Dahlberg, Anna-Karin, et al. (author) Hydroxylated and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers in long-tailed ducks (Clangula hyemalis) and their main food, Baltic blue mussels (Mytilus trossulus x Mytilus edulis) 2016 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 144, s. 1475-1483 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Long-tailed ducks (Clangula hyemalis) that breed in northern Europe and western Siberia and commonly winter in the Baltic Sea, are threatened by a significant population decrease. The ducks are, by primarily feeding on Baltic blue mussels (Mytilus trossulus x Mytilus edulis) while wintering in the Baltic Sea, potentially subjected to high levels of toxic hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs). To assess long-tailed ducks exposure to polybrominated phenols (PBPs), polybrominated anisoles (PBAs), hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs), their methylated counterparts (MeO-PBDEs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), livers of ten long-tailed ducks wintering in the Baltic Sea were analysed. Pattern and levels of analytes in long-tailed ducks (liver) and blue mussels sampled in March and May at nine sites in the Baltic Sea were compared. The geometric mean concentration (ng/g l.w.) in livers of long-tailed ducks and Baltic blue mussels were: ∑2PBPs: 0.57 and 48; ∑2PBAs: 0.83 and 11; ∑7OH-PBDEs: 6.1 and 45; ∑7MeO-PBDEs: 3.8 and 69; ∑7PBDEs: 8.0 and 7.2, respectively. Based on an estimated daily intake of 450 g fresh blue mussel meat, long-tailed ducks daily dietary intake of brominated substances while foraging in the Baltic Sea in March-May was estimated to; 390 ng ∑2PBPs, 90 ng ∑2PBAs, 370 ng ∑7OH-PBDEs, 590 ng ∑7MeO-PBDEs and 59 ng ∑7PBDEs. The low levels of PBPs, PBAs, OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs in the long-tailed duck livers compared to blue mussel, despite a continuous daily intake, suggest that these compounds are poorly retained in long-tailed ducks.
37.	Dahlgren, Elin, et al. (author) Trophic transfer of naturally produced brominated aromatic compounds in a Baltic Sea food chain 2016 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 144, s. 1597-1604 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Brominated aromatic compounds (BACs) are widely distributed in the marine environment. Some of these compounds are highly toxic, such as certain hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs). In addition to anthropogenic emissions through use of BACs as e.g. flame retardants, BACs are natural products formed by marine organisms such as algae, sponges, and cyanobacteria. Little is known of the transfer of BACs from natural producers and further up in the trophic food chain. In this study it was observed that total sum of methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-PBDEs) and OH-PBDEs increased in concentration from the filamentous red alga Ceramium tenuicorne, via Gammarus sp. and three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) to perch (Perca fluviatilis). The MeO-PBDEs, which were expected to bioaccumulate, increased in concentration accordingly up to perch, where the levels suddenly dropped dramatically. The opposite pattern was observed for OH-PBDEs, where the concentration exhibited a general trend of decline up the food web, but increased in perch, indicating metabolic demethylation of MeO-PBDEs. Debromination was also indicated to occur when progressing through the food chain resulting in high levels of tetra-brominated MeO-PBDE and OH-PBDE congeners in fish, while some penta- and hexa-brominated congeners were observed to be the dominant products in the alga. As it has been shown that OH-PBDEs are potent disruptors of oxidative phosphorylation and that mixtures of different congener may act synergistically in terms of this toxic mode of action, the high levels of OH-PBDEs detected in perch in this study warrants further investigation into potential effects of these compounds on Baltic wildlife, and monitoring of their levels.
38.	Drage, Daniel S., et al. (author) Concentrations of legacy and emerging flame retardants in air and soil on a rural-urban transect in the UK West Midlands 2016 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 148, s. 195-203 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Passive air samples were collected monthly for 6 months from 8 sites along a transect of Birmingham, United Kingdom between June 2012 and January 2013. Soil samples were collected once at each site. Average concentrations of BDE-209, ΣPBDEs17:183 and ΣPBDEs in ambient air were 150, 49, and 180 pg m−3, respectively. Atmospheric concentrations of PBDEs were negatively correlated with distance from the city centre, exhibiting an “urban pulse”. The average ΣHBCDD air concentration was 100 pg m−3, however concentrations were not correlated with distance from the city centre. Several emerging flame retardants (EFRs) were identified in air and/or soil samples: 2,3,4,5-tetrabromo-bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (BEH-TEBP), 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2 dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (TBECH or DBE-DBCH), allyl 2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (ATE), 2-bromoallyl 2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (BATE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and dechlorane plus (DP or DDC-CO). Average concentrations of BDE-209, ΣPBDEs17:183 and ΣPBDEs in soil were 11, 3.6, and 15 ng g−1 soil organic matter. PBDE concentrations in soil were higher at sites closest to the city centre, however correlations with distance from the city centre were not significant. BDEs-47 and -99 contributed more to ΣPBDEs in soil samples than air samples, but in both, the predominant congener was BDE-209. BATE was more abundant in air than soil but ATE was abundant in soil but not air.
39.	Dürig, Wiebke, et al. (author) Development of a suspect screening prioritization tool for organic compounds in water and biota 2019 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 222, s. 904-912 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract A customizable in silico tool (SusTool) for generating high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) suspect screening lists, specifically designed for the detection of hazardous organic compounds in various environmental compartments, was created. A database consisting of similar to 32 000 environmentally relevant organic compounds was constructed, including data on their physicochemical properties, environmental fate characteristics, and endocrine disruption potential, along with emissions and quantity indices. Welldefined customized suspect lists were generated by systematic ranking using a scoring and weighting procedure. For demonstration purposes, three suspect screening lists were created, one for water (SLWater) and two for biota covering less (SLBiota Kow<5 ) or more hydrophobic chemicals (SLBiota Kow>3). Scrutiny of overlaps between compounds within these lists and the SusDat database (20 suspect lists comprising similar to 58 000 compounds compiled by the Norman network) showed that approximately half of the compounds in the three suspect lists were also listed in one of the SusDat database lists. This indicates that SusTool is able to include highly relevant emerging pollutants, but also captures other compounds of potential concern that have been less well studied or not yet investigated. Overall, our in silico prioritization approach enables systematic creation of suspect screening lists and provides new opportunities for suspect screening for environmentally relevant compounds.
40.	Edo, Mar, et al. (author) Emissions of toxic pollutants from co-combustion of demolition and construction wood and household waste fuel blends 2018 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 203, s. 506-513 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Four different types of fuel blends containing demolition and construction wood and household waste were combusted in a small-scale experimental set-up to study the effect of fuel composition on the emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), biphenyls (PCBs), chlorobenzenes (PCBzs), chlorophenols (PCPhs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Two woody materials, commercial stemwood (ST) and demolition and construction wood (DC) were selected because of the differences in their persistent organic pollutants (POPs), ash and metals content. For household waste, we used a municipal solid waste (MSW) and a refuse-derived fuel (RDF) from MSW with 5-20 wt% and up to 5 wt% food waste content respectively. No clear effect on the formation of pollutants was observed with different food waste content in the fuel blends tested. Combustion of ST-based fuels was very inefficient which led to high PAH emissions (32 +/- 3.8 mg/kg(fuel)). The use of DC clearly increased the total PCDD and PCDF emissions (71 +/- 26 mu g/kg(fuel)) and had a clear effect on the formation of toxic congeners (210 +/- 87 ng WHO2005-TEQ/kg(fuel)). The high PCDD and PCDF emissions from DC-based fuels can be attributed to the presence of material contaminants such as small pieces of metals or plastics as well as timber treated with chromated copper arsenate preservatives and pentachlorophenol in the DC source.
41.	Fathollahzadeh, Homayoun, et al. (author) Significance of environmental dredging on metal mobility from contaminated sediments in the Oskarshamn Harbor, Sweden 2015 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 119, s. 445-451 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Metals are often seen as immobile in bottom sediments as long as these environmental sinks remain undisturbed. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the potential metal mobility due to resuspension under pseudo-dredging conditions of contaminated sediments in the Oskarshamn Harbor that are likely to be dredged as part of a remediation program established in Sweden. To address this concern, mixtures of water slurries were sampled from pore, leaching, and surface water over a period of nearly 36 d, and the major ions and trace metal concentrations determined. The results of this study pointed out the potential mobility and toxicity of metals posed by temporary changes during dredging operations, and highlighted the potential release of Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn, and Ni to the environment. Among the toxic metals, regarding pre and post dredging, Cu and Pb significantly demonstrated to be in ionic form, apparently because of dissolution of Fe-Mn oxy/hydroxides and decomposition of organic matter. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
42.	Fedorova, Ganna, et al. (author) Fate of three anti-influenza drugs during ozonation of wastewater effluents : degradation and formation of transformation products 2016 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 150, s. 723-730 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Anti-influenza drugs constitute a key component of pandemic preparedness plans against influenza. However, the occurrence of such drugs in water environments, the potential of resistance development in the natural hosts, and the risk for transmission of antiviral resistance to humans call for measures to increase removal in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In this study, removal of three anti-influenza drugs; amantadine (AM), oseltamivir carboxylate (OC) and zanamivir (ZA), and formation/removal of their transformation products during ozonation of wastewater effluents from two Swedish WWTPs in Uppsala and Stockholm were studied. The removal profile of target antivirals and formation/removal of their transformation products were studied by liquid chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry. 3.5 h of ozone exposure (total dose of ozone 5.95 g) led to complete removal of the three anti-influenza drugs with a degradation in the following order ZA > OC > AM. Two, five and one transformation products were identified and semi-quantified for AM, OC and ZA, respectively. Increasing and later decreasing transformation products concentration followed the decrease in concentration of target compounds. All transformation products detected, except one of AM in wastewater from Stockholm WWTP, were removed at the end of the experiment. The removal efficiency was higher for all studied compounds in wastewater from Uppsala WWTP, which had lower TOC and COD values, less phosphorus, and also higher pH in the water. Ozonation thus offers multiple benefits through its potential to degrade influenza antivirals, hence decrease the risk of environmental resistance development, in addition to degrading other pharmaceuticals and resistant microorganisms.
43.	Ferreira, Catarina, et al. (author) Genetic variation in the conjugative plasmidome of a hospital effluent multidrug resistant Escherichia coli strain 2019 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 220, s. 748-759 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Bacteria harboring conjugative plasmids have the potential for spreading antibiotic resistance through horizontal gene transfer. It is described that the selection and dissemination of antibiotic resistance is enhanced by stressors, like metals or antibiotics, which can occur as environmental contaminants. This study aimed at unveiling the composition of the conjugative plasmidome of a hospital effluent multidrug resistant Escherichia coli strain (H1FC54) under different mating conditions. To meet this objective, plasmid pulsed field gel electrophoresis, optical mapping analyses and DNA sequencing were used in combination with phenotype analysis. Strain H1FC54 was observed to harbor five plasmids, three of which were conjugative and two of these, pH1FC54_330 and pH1FC54_140, contained metal and antibiotic resistance genes. Transconjugants obtained in the absence or presence of tellurite (0.5 μM or 5 μM), arsenite (0.5 μM, 5 μM or 15 μM) or ceftazidime (10 mg/L) and selected in the presence of sodium azide (100 mg/L) and tetracycline (16 mg/L) presented distinct phenotypes, associated with the acquisition of different plasmid combinations, including two co-integrate plasmids, of 310 kbp and 517 kbp. The variable composition of the conjugative plasmidome, the formation of co-integrates during conjugation, as well as the transfer of non-transferable plasmids via co-integration, and the possible association between antibiotic, arsenite and tellurite tolerance was demonstrated. These evidences bring interesting insights into the comprehension of the molecular and physiological mechanisms that underlie antibiotic resistance propagation in the environment.
44.	Fick, Jerker, et al. (author) Screening of benzodiazepines in thirty European rivers 2017 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 176, s. 324-332 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Pharmaceuticals as environmental contaminants have received a lot of interest over the past decade but, for several pharmaceuticals, relatively little is known about their occurrence in European surface waters. Benzodiazepines, a class of pharmaceuticals with anxiolytic properties, have received interest due to their behavioral modifying effect on exposed biota. In this study, our results show the presence of one or more benzodiazepine(s) in 86% of the analyzed surface water samples (n = 138) from 30 rivers, representing seven larger European catchments. Of the 13 benzodiazepines included in the study, we detected 9, which together showed median and mean concentrations (of the results above limit of quantification) of 5.4 and 9.6 ng L-1, respectively. Four benzodiazepines (oxazepam, temazepam, clobazam, and bromazepam) were the most commonly detected. In particular, oxazepam had the highest frequency of detection (85%) and a maximum concentration of 61 ng L-1. Temazepam and clobazam were found in 26% (maximum concentration of 39 ng L-1) and 14% (maximum concentration of 11 ng L-1) of the samples analyzed, respectively. Finally, bromazepam was found only in Germany and in 16 out of total 138 samples (12%), with a maximum concentration of 320 ng L-1. This study clearly shows that benzodiazepines are common micro-contaminants of the largest European river systems at ng L-1 levels. Although these concentrations are more than a magnitude lower than those reported to have effective effects on exposed biota, environmental effects cannot be excluded considering the possibility of additive and sub-lethal effects.
45.	Gao, Qiuju, et al. (author) Mechanistic evaluation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, dibenzofuran and naphthalene isomer fingerprints in microwave pyrolysis of biomass 2016 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 150, s. 168-175 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Isomer distribution patterns of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and naphthalenes (PCNs) were investigated in microwave-assisted pyrolysis (MAP) products of woody biomass. The feedstocks included bark and impregnated wood. The results indicated that isomer distributions in MAP are more selective compared to those reported from wood burning and waste incineration. Favored formation of 4-MoCDF and highly selective chlorine substitution at the 2,4-position observed during MAP suggested a preferred formation pathway of PCDFs involving (chloro)phenol precursors followed by subsequent chlorination. The PCDD distribution was dominated by isomers typically formed from chlorophenol condensation at relatively low temperature. The PCN isomer distributions showed a tendency for sequential chlorination from non-substituted naphthalene at successive positions. The presence of isomers such as 1-MoCDD, 4-MoCDF, 1,2,3-TriCN with low thermodynamic stability indicates that kinetic factors may be important in the MAP process.
46.	Gao, Qiuju, et al. (author) PCDDs, PCDFs and PCNs in products of microwave-assisted pyrolysis of woody biomass : Distribution among solid, liquid and gaseous phases and effects of material composition 2016 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 145, s. 193-199 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Microwave-assisted pyrolysis (MAP) of lignocellulosic biomass is a technique that could potentially be used to produce and upgrade renewable energy carriers. However, there is no available information about the formation of dioxins and other organic pollutants in MAP treatment of woody biomass. In this study, MAP experiments were conducted in lab-scale using virgin softwood, bark, and impregnated wood as feedstocks. The non-condensable gas, liquid (fractionated into aqueous and oil phases), and char fractions generated during pyrolysis were collected and analysed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and naphthalenes (PCNs). The concentrations of PCDDs, PCDFs and PCNs in the pyrolysis products ranged from 0.52 to 43.7 ng kg(-1). All investigated compound groups were most abundant in the oil fraction, accounting for up to 68% (w/w) of the total concentrations. The highest PCDD, PCDF and PCN concentrations were found from the pyrolysis of bark, which has relatively high contents of chlorine and mineral matter, followed by impregnated wood, which contains organic and metal-based preservatives. The homologue profiles of all three compound groups were dominated by the less chlorinated homologues. The homologue abundance decreased as the degree of chlorination increased. This trend was observed for all three feedstocks.
47.	Gautam, Mukesh Kumar, et al. (author) Trends of major, minor and rare earth elements in decomposing litter in a cool temperate ecosystem, South Korea 2019 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 222, s. 214-226 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The decomposition dynamics of 34 different elements in four different litter types (foliar and woody litter) from Pinus densiflora (Korean red pine) and Castanea crenata (Korean chestnut) was investigated in a cool temperate ecosystem using the litterbag method. Two contrasting trends were observed in the dynamics of elements with accumulated mass loss of litter and carbon. Leaf litter of Korean chestnut, which was richer in elements, showed a general decrease in concentrations of elements with accumulated mass loss of litter and carbon on a dry mass basis during decomposition in the field. Other litter types, with initially lower concentrations of elements, exhibited an increase in concentration on a dry mass basis during field incubation. Highest relative increase in the concentration was noticed for the minor elements, and for the woody litters. Concentrations of major and minor elements increased by factors ranging from 1.07 for antimony (Sb) to 853.7 for vanadium (V). Rare earth elements (REE) concentrations increased by factors ranging from 1.04 for scandium (Sc) to 83.5 for thorium (Th). Our results suggest that litter type plays an important role for nutrient dynamics. Results from principal component analysis for major, minor, and rare earth elements showed grouping of elements and high correlation among them (P < 0.05), which suggests a common source. At both sites, element concentrations were high in the soil, especially for REE. This suggests that increase in element concentrations during field incubation probably was due to transfer of elements from soil to the overlying decomposing litter.
48.	Gebbink, Wouter A., et al. (author) Observation of emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in Greenland marine mammals 2016 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 144, s. 2384-2391 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The present pilot study examined emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), i.e., a suite of short chain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), PFAA precursors and replacement chemicals, and legacy PFASs (long chain length PFAAs) in livers from ringed seals, polar bears and, for the first time, killer whales from East Greenland collected in 2012-2013. Among the emerging PFASs, perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) and F-53B (a chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonic acid) were detected in Arctic wildlife, albeit at concentrations approximately four orders of magnitude lower compared to perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). PFOS was positively correlated with F-53B, but not PFBS in all three species. A total of 17 PFASs were detected in killer whales, including in a mother-fetus pair, demonstrating maternal transfer. Sigma PFAS concentrations in killer whales (269 +/- 90 ng/g) were comparable to concentrations found in ringed seals (138 +/- 7 ng/g), however, an order of magnitude lower compared to concentrations found in polar bear livers (2336 +/- 263 ng/g). Patterns of long chain PFAAs in killer whales differed from the pattern in ringed seals and polar bears. Of the monitored PFAA precursors, only perfluorooctanesulfonamide (FOSA) was detected in all three species, and FOSA/PFOS ratios and isomer patterns indicated that killer whales have a potential lower metabolic capacity to degrade FOSA compared to polar bears and ringed seals.
49.	Guo, Jianqiu, et al. (author) Anthropometric measures at age 3 years in associations with prenatal and postnatal exposures to chlorophenols 2019 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 228, s. 204-211 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Background: Chlorophenols (CPs), suspected as endocrine disrupting chemicals, exposure during early life may contribute to body size. However, limited human data with inconsistent findings have examined the developmental effects of CPs exposure.Objective: To explore associations between prenatal and postnatal CPs exposure and anthropometric parameters in children aged 3 years.Methods: A subset of 377 mother-child pairs with urinary five CP concentrations were enrolled from a prospective birth cohort. Generalized linear models were conducted to evaluate associations of CPs exposure with children's anthropometric measures.Results: Maternal urinary 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) concentrations were significantly negatively associated with weight z scores [regression coefficient (beta)=-0.51, 95% confidence interval (Cl): -0.96, -0.05; p = 0.01], weight for height z scores (beta = -0.54, 95% Cl:-1.02, -0.06; p= 0.01) and body mass index (BMI) z scores (beta = -0.53, 95% CI;-1.03, 0.03; p = 0.01) of children aged 3 years, after adjustment for potential confounders and postnatal CPs exposure. In the sex-stratified analyses, these inverse associations remained among boys, while in girls, positive associations of prenatal 2,4,6-TCP exposure with weight for height z scores and BMI z scores were observed. Postnatal exposure to 2,5-diclorophenol (2,5-DCP) was positively associated with weight z scores (beta = 0.26, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.50; p = 0.04), after controlling for possible confounders and maternal CPs exposure during pregnancy. Considering potential sex-specific effects, these associations were only observed in girls.Conclusions: Our findings indicate that prenatal 2,4,6-TCP exposure and postnatal 2,5-DCP exposure may have adverse and sex-specific effects on children's physical development.
50.	Gustafsson, Jon Petter, et al. (author) Predicting sulphate adsorption/desorption in forest soils : Evaluation of an extended Freundlich equation 2015 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 119, s. 83-89 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Sulphate adsorption and desorption can delay the response in soil acidity against changes in acid input. Here we evaluate the use of an extended Freundlich equation for predictions of pH-dependent SO4 adsorption and desorption in low-ionic strength soil systems. Five B horizons from Spodosols were subjected to batch equilibrations at low ionic strength at different pHs and dissolved SO4 concentrations. The proton coadsorption stoichiometry (eta), i.e. the number of H+ ions co-adsorbed for every adsorbed SO42- ion, was close to 2 in four of five soils. This enabled the use of a Freundlich equation that involved only two adjustable parameters (the Freundlich coefficient K-F and the non-ideality parameter m). With this model a satisfactory fit was obtained when only two data points were used for calibration. The root-mean square errors of log adsorbed SO4 ranged from 0.006 to 0.052. The model improves the possibility to consider SO4 adsorption/desorption processes correctly in dynamic soil chemistry models.

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